Municipal　solid　waste　(MSW)　leachate　treatment　through　the　anaerobic　ammonium　oxidation　(anammox)　process　has　received　increasing　attention　due　to　less　oxygen　consumption,　carbon　source　demand,　and　sludge　production.　The　recent　advances　in　anammox-mediated　MSW　leachate　treatment　are　systematically　reviewed.　During　MSW　leachate　treatment,　the　anammox　technology　could　be　flexibly　combined　with　partial　nitrification,　partial　denitrification,　fermentation,　and　methane　oxidation.　Additionally,　this　review　comprehensively　discussed　the　specific　effects　on　anammox　bacteria　(AnAOB)　of　key　stressors　in　MSW　leachate　such　as　dissolved　organic　matters,　salinity,　and　antibiotics,　and　introduced　the　corresponding　pretreatment　methods.　The　key　control　strategies　focusing　on　achieving　effective　AnAOB　retention,　amelioration　of　microenvironments,　and　stable　nitrite　source　were　summarized.　Moreover,　the　potential　for　nitrous　oxide　emission　mitigation　in　anammox-based　MSW　leachate　treatment　systems　was　evaluated.　Finally,　this　review　highlighted　the　full-scale　applications　of　anammox-mediated　MSW　leachate　treatment　and　proposed　the　prospects　as　well　as　research　gaps　in　this　field.　©　2022　Elsevier　Ltd