In　a　manufacturing　system,　an　assembly　line　(AL)　is　a　tool　that　uses　machines　to　transfer　raw　materials　or　parts　between　workstations.　ALs　are　widely　employed　to　produce　various　types　of　products,　such　as　automobiles,　electronic　equipment,　and　jewelry.　The　main　components　of　a　standard　AL　are　a　conveyor　belt,　workers,　workstations,　interchangeable　parts,　and　tasks.　The　latter　are　processed　by　workers　at　workstations　simultaneously.　©　2022,　The　Author(s),　under　exclusive　license　to　Springer　Nature　Singapore　Pte　Ltd.