With　the　increase　in　dependence　on　renewable　energy　sources,　interest　in　energy　storage　systems　has　increased,　particularly　with　solar　cells,　redox　flow　batteries,　and　lithium　batteries.　Multiple　diagnostic　techniques　have　been　utilized　to　characterize　various　factors　in　relation　to　the　battery　performance.　Electrochemical　tests　were　used　to　study　the　energy　density,　capacity,　cycle　life,　rate,　and　other　related　properties.　Furthermore,　it　is　critical　to　correlate　the　information　collected　from　the　characterization　of　materials　to　its　properties　while　functioning　for　advanced　batteries.　In　situ　and　operando　electron　microscopy　methods　are　specifically　designed　to　conduct　such　characterization,　and　analysis　was　found　to　be　the　best　method　to　achieve　that　objective.　However,　the　characterization　information　collected　varies　according　to　the　types　of　electron　microscopy　techniques.　Also,　the　use　of　complementary　analytical　techniques　further　provides　a　more　comprehensive　study　of　these　different　characterizations,　giving　insights　into　the　morphology-performance　relationship　of　battery　materials　and　interfaces.　Within　this　review,　the　focus　is　on　in　situ　and　operando　electron　microscopy　characterization　of　battery　materials,　including　transmission　electron　microscopy　(TEM),　scanning　electron　microscopy　(SEM),　cryogenic　transmission　electron　microscopy　(Cryo-TEM),　and　three-dimensional　(3D)　electron　tomography.　This　review　aims　to　cover　both　advanced　electron　microscopy　imaging　techniques　and　their　applications　in　the　characterization　of　battery　materials　involving　cathode,　anode,　and　separator　and　solid　electrolyte　interphase　(SEI).　The　review　discusses　a　range　of　advanced　electron　microscopy　techniques,　including　TEM,　SEM,　and　atomic　force　microscopy,　as　well　as　associated　analytical　techniques　such　as　energy-dispersive　X-ray　spectroscopy　and　electron　energy　loss　spectroscopy.　The　use　of　these　techniques　has　led　to　significant　advances　in　our　understanding　of　battery　materials,　including　the　identification　of　new　phases　and　structures,　the　study　of　interface　properties,　and　the　characterization　of　defects　and　degradation　mechanisms.　Future　perspectives　on　these　advanced　electron　microscopy　techniques　and　opportunities　are　also　discussed.　Overall,　this　review　highlights　the　importance　of　electron　microscopy　in　battery　research　and　the　potential　for　these　techniques　to　drive　future　advancements　in　the　field.　©　2023　American　Chemical　Society.