The　residual　displacement　of　the　bridge　column　has　a　great　influence　on　evaluating　earthquake　damage　and　seismic　resilience　of　bridges.　However,　the　residual　displacement　is　rarely　considered　when　assessing　post-earthquake　functionality　and　seismic　resilience　of　bridges.　An　evaluation　method　for　seismic　damage　of　bridges　is　proposed　in　this　paper　by　introducing　both　the　maximum　drift　(MD)　and　residual　drift　(RD)　of　the　bridge　column　as　engineering　demand　parameters.　The　damage　states　and　damage　probability　of　bridges　under　earthquakes　are　determined　through　the　joint　probability　density　function　and　used　to　evaluate　the　functionality　loss　and　recovery　of　bridges　after　earthquakes.　A　seismic　resilience　assessment　framework　of　bridges　considering　both　MD　and　RD　is　proposed　and　applied　to　assess　the　seismic　resilience　of　a　two-span　reinforced　concrete　(RC)　bridge.　The　results　indicate　that　RD　greatly　impacts　the　probability　of　collapse　damage　of　bridges.　The　evaluated　functionality　loss　of　the　bridge　considering　both　MD　and　RD　is　larger　than　that　considering　the　single　MD　index　after　the　earthquake.　When　both　MD　and　RD　are　taken　into　consideration,　the　evaluated　seismic　resilience　is　smaller　than　the　result　considering　the　single　MD　index.　The　maximum　reduction　of　seismic　resilience　is　14.1%　at　the　peak　ground　acceleration　(PGA)　of　0.7　g.　With　the　increase　of　PGA,　the　seismic　resilience　considering　both　MD　and　RD　is　similar　to　that　only　considering　MD.　The　seismic　resilience　can　be　overestimated　when　RD　is　not　taken　into　consideration.　©　2023　Elsevier　Ltd