Anaerobic　ammonium　oxidation　(Anammox)　technology　is　the　most　promising　biological　nitrogen　removal　process　today.　Under　anaerobic　conditions,　Anammox　bacteria　directly　oxidize　ammonia　nitrogen　to　nitrogen　with　nitrite　as　the　electron　acceptor,　which　has　the　advantages　of　no　aeration,　no　need　for　organic　carbon　sources,　and　less　excess　sludge　production.　However,　anaerobic　ammonia　oxidizing　bacteria　have　strict　requirements　for　their　growth　environment　and　numerous　influencing　factors,　which　has　become　the　biggest　bottleneck　for　large-scale　engineering　applications.　This　article　reviewed　the　effects　of　five　main　influencing　factors　(substrate　concentration,　organic　matter,　dissolved　oxygen,　temperature,　pH)　on　anammox,　and　discusses　how　to　maximize　the　use　of　anammox　technology　based　on　different　reactor　types　and　bacteria　species,　in　order　to　provide　reference　for　the　application　of　anaerobic　ammonia　oxidation　in　mainstream　sewage　treatment.　©　2023　Chinese　Society　for　Environmental　Sciences.　All　rights　reserved.