Advances　in　additive　manufacturing　are　leading　to　the　emergence　of　new　printable　applications,　including　sensors　for　healthcare　monitoring　and　bioengineering　scaffolds.　Research　is　driven　by　designing　new　printable　inks　including　composites　that　can　be　extruded　and　respond　to　changes　in　their　surroundings　and　patterning　these　materials　on　the　microscale.　In　modern　printing　techniques,　an　emerging　modified　three-dimensional　(3D)　printing　method:　materials　extrusion　has　been　utilized　for　customizable　electronics　because　of　its　high　compatibility　with　various　inks,　low　cost,　and　versatility　to　different　levels　of　complexity.　Material　extrusion　enables　not　only　the　printing　of　2D　and　3D　architecture　of　the　electrode　structure　but　also　the　bioprinting　of　structures　such　as　conductive　scaffolds.　In　this　review,　fundamental　insights　into　rational　printable　ink　formulation　including　colloidal　suspensions,　gels,　polymer　melts,　composites,　printing　criteria,　processes,　and　applications　toward　printable　electronics　using　composites　composed　of　nanomaterials　and　biopolymers　are　fully　discussed.　New　manufacturing　insights　on　how　to　further　improve　the　resolution　and　simplify　the　printing　process　of　responsive　materials　are　discussed,　which　have　not　been　seen　in　currently　published　representative　reviews.　It　is　envisioned　that　this　review　provides　high　scientific　merits　to　readers　working　in　wearable　devices,　biological　smart　materials,　and　flexible　nanoelectronics.　This　review　describes　the　components　and　practical　steps　to　extrusion-based　direct　ink　writing　(DIW),　discusses　steps,　printer　choice,　fabrication　and　synthesis　methods　of　graphenic　material　printable　inks,　and　results　in　composites　and　ink　formulation　for　DIW　with　a　focus　on　the　use　of　different　biopolymer　matrix.image　&　COPY;　2023　WILEY-VCH　GmbH