In　this　study,　three　hydration　heat　controlling　materials　(HHCMs),　respectively,　containing　pure　hydroxyl　(polyvinyl　alcohol,　PVA),　carboxylic　(polyacrylic　acid,　PAA)　and　ester　groups　(maleic　acid-ethylene　glycol　ester,　P(MA-EG))　were　synthesized　and　mixed　with　cement-based　materials,　and　the　hydration　heat　and　setting　time　of　cement　pastes　and　the　SEMI　adiabatic　temperature　rise　and　strength　of　mortars　were　tested.　The　results　showed　that　PAA　and　P(MA-EG)　reduced　the　peak　value　of　hydration　exothermic　rate　by　77.45%　and　62.28%,　respectively,　and　prolonged　54.14　h　and　15.56　h,　respectively.　Mechanism　studies　showed　that　HHCMs　containing　carboxylic　or　hydroxyl　groups　adsorbed　on　cement　particles　by　Ca2+　complexation,　while　HHCMs　containing　ester　groups　hydrolyzed　to　carboxylic　groups　in　alkaline　cement　pastes,　which　hydrolysis　rate　changed　with　the　hydration　temperature　of　cement-based　materials　to　regulate　the　hydration　process.　This　study　aims　to　provide　technical　feasibility　and　theoretical　basis　for　exploring　new　avenues　of　synthesizing　HHCMs　with　different　functional　groups.