Urine-powered　microbial　fuel　cells　(UMFCs)　are　bioelectrochemical　system　which　can　recover　energy　from　urine-a　typical　wastewater　produced　in　urban　and　aerospace　ships.　The　anode　is　the　key　unit　determining　the　UMFC　performance.　It　is　proposed　in　this　paper　to　use　three-dimensional　printing　(3DP)　technology　to　fabricate　3D　structure　anodes　which　is　advantageous　for　improving　the　performance.　With　the　help　of　3DP,　any　special　anode　design　for　a　particular　reactor　could　be　manufactured,　which　can　be　difficult　and　even　impossible　for　conventional　methods　Macro-porous　3D　anodes　of　good　electrochemical　performance　for　UMFCs　were　fabricated　by　3DP　and　polyaniline　(PANI)　surface　modification.　The　surface　of　the　anode　materials　is　both　hydrophilic　and　rough.　The　power　densities　of　UMFCs　equipped　with　PANI-modified　3DP　anodes　were　0.934　Wm(-3)　and　0.798Wm(-3)　(per　anode　chamber　volume)　fabricated　from　two　different　mother　materials.　These　findings　demonstrate　that　macro-porous　anode　can　be　fabricated　by　3DP　and　can　practically　operate　UMFCs.　(c)　2017　Elsevier　B.V.　All　rights　reserved.