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学者姓名：张楠
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Abstract ：
Many universities implemented closed-off management to prevent COVID-19 outbreaks. However, the effect that interventions implemented during the pandemic on students' learning and health is unclear. For this study, 2350 university students in Beijing and Shanghai completed an online survey about changes in their learning and their physical and mental health during school closures compared with non-closures. We then examined whether those changes were influenced by factors including city, gender, educational background, student residential type, and imposed interventions. The results showed that different interventions had little effect on non-residents' (housed off campus) learning and health during school closures (p > 0.05) and students who preferred in-person learning regressed more significantly in learning during school closures (p G 0.05). Graduates regressed more significantly than undergraduates (p G 0.001), and residents (housed on campus) more than non-residents in learning (p G 0.001). Students' stress levels were significantly higher (p G 0.001), especially among graduates and residents (p G 0.001), with the major stressors for university students being academic, economic, and interpersonal during school closures. Around 4/5 of students reported higher potential depression and 3/4 reported higher anxiety, with females being more likely than males (p G 0.001), graduates more likely than undergraduates (p G 0.001), and residents more likely than non-residents (p G 0.01) to be depressed and anxious. Also, males had more significant negative changes in their habits (smoking, drinking, exercise, and sedentariness) than females (p G 0.01). These results may benefit universities in helping provide evidence-based intervention policies during similar events.
Keyword ：
COVID-19 COVID-19 University students University students Health Health Learning Learning School closures School closures
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| GB/T 7714 | Miao, Doudou , Zhu, Min , Zhou, Zhihan et al. How school closures affected learning and the physical and mental health of Chinese university students during the COVID-19 pandemic? [J]. | BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT , 2023 , 242 . |
| MLA | Miao, Doudou et al. "How school closures affected learning and the physical and mental health of Chinese university students during the COVID-19 pandemic?" . | BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT 242 (2023) . |
| APA | Miao, Doudou , Zhu, Min , Zhou, Zhihan , Zhang, Nan . How school closures affected learning and the physical and mental health of Chinese university students during the COVID-19 pandemic? . | BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT , 2023 , 242 . |
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Abstract ：
Exploring the relative role of different indoor environments in respiratory infections transmission remains unclear, which is crucial for developing targeted nonpharmaceutical interventions. In this study, a total of 2,583,441 influenza-like illness cases tested from 2010 to 2017 in China were identified. An agent-based model was built and calibrated with the surveillance data, to assess the roles of 3 age groups (children <19 years, younger adults 19-60 years, older adults >60 years) and 4 types of indoor environments (home, schools, workplaces, and community areas) in influenza transmission by province with varying urbanization rates. When the urbanization rates increased from 35% to 90%, the proportion of children aged <19 years among influenza cases decreased from 76% to 45%. Additionally, we estimated that infections originating from children decreased from 95.1% (95% confidence interval (CI): 92.7, 97.5) to 59.3% (95% CI: 49.8, 68.7). Influenza transmission in schools decreased from 80.4% (95% CI: 76.5, 84.3) to 36.6% (95% CI: 20.6, 52.5), while transmission in the community increased from 2.4% (95% CI: 1.9, 2.8) to 45.4% (95% CI: 35.9, 54.8). With increasing urbanization rates, community areas and younger adults contributed more to infection transmission. These findings could help the development of targeted public health policies. This article is part of a Special Collection on Environmental Epidemiology.
Keyword ：
influenza influenza age group age group indoor environments indoor environments urbanization urbanization China China
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| GB/T 7714 | Lei, Hao , Zhang, Nan , Xiao, Shenglan et al. Relative Role of Age Groups and Indoor Environments in Influenza Transmission Under Different Urbanization Rates in China [J]. | AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY , 2023 . |
| MLA | Lei, Hao et al. "Relative Role of Age Groups and Indoor Environments in Influenza Transmission Under Different Urbanization Rates in China" . | AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY (2023) . |
| APA | Lei, Hao , Zhang, Nan , Xiao, Shenglan , Zhuang, Linan , Yang, Xueze , Chen, Tao et al. Relative Role of Age Groups and Indoor Environments in Influenza Transmission Under Different Urbanization Rates in China . | AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY , 2023 . |
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Abstract ：
To quantify the risk of the transmission of respiratory infections in indoor environments, we systematically assessed exposure to talking-and breathing-generated respiratory droplets in a generic indoor environment using computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations. The flow field in the indoor environment was obtained with SST k-omega model and Lagrangian method was used to predict droplet trajectories, where droplet evaporation was considered. Droplets can be categorized into small droplets (initial size <= 30 mu m or <= 10 mu m as droplet nuclei), medium droplets (30-80 mu m) and large droplets (>100 mu m) according to the exposure characteristics. Droplets up to 100 mu m, particular the small ones, can contribute to both short-range and long-range airborne routes. For the face-to-face talking scenario, the intake fraction and deposition fractions of droplets on the face and facial mucosa of the susceptible were up to 4.96%, 2.14%, and 0.12%, respectively, indicating inhalation is the dominant route. The exposure risk from a talking infector decreases monotonically with the interpersonal dis-tance, while that of nasal-breathing generated droplets maintains a relatively stable level within 1.0 m. Keeping an angle of 15 degrees or above with the expiratory flow is efficient to reduce intake fractions to <0.37% for small droplets. Adjusting the orientation from face-to-face to face-to-back can reduce exposure to small droplets by approximately 88.0% during talking and 66.2% during breathing. A higher ventilation rate can reduce the risk of exposure to small droplets but may increase the risk of transmission via medium droplets by enhancing their evaporation rate. This study would serve as a fundamental research for epidemiologist, healthcare workers and the public in the purpose of infection control.
Keyword ：
Relative position Relative position Interpersonal distance Interpersonal distance Close contact Close contact Respiratory droplets Respiratory droplets COVID-19 COVID-19 Airborne route Airborne route
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| GB/T 7714 | Wei, Jianjian , Wang, Lei , Jin, Tao et al. Effects of occupant behavior and ventilation on exposure to respiratory droplets in the indoor environment [J]. | BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT , 2023 , 229 . |
| MLA | Wei, Jianjian et al. "Effects of occupant behavior and ventilation on exposure to respiratory droplets in the indoor environment" . | BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT 229 (2023) . |
| APA | Wei, Jianjian , Wang, Lei , Jin, Tao , Li, Yuguo , Zhang, Nan . Effects of occupant behavior and ventilation on exposure to respiratory droplets in the indoor environment . | BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT , 2023 , 229 . |
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Abstract ：
Classrooms are high-risk indoor environments, so analysis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission in classrooms is important for determining optimal interventions. Due to the absence of human behavior data, it is challenging to accurately determine virus exposure in classrooms. A wearable device for close contact behavior detection was developed, and we recorded >250,000 data points of close contact behaviors of students from grades 1 to 12. Combined with a survey on students' behaviors, we analyzed virus transmission in classrooms. Close contact rates for students were 37 +/- 11% during classes and 48 +/- 13% during breaks. Students in lower grades had higher close contact rates and virus transmission potential. The long-range airborne transmission route is dominant, accounting for 90 +/- 3.6% and 75 +/- 7.7% with and without mask wearing, respectively. During breaks, the short-range airborne route became more important, contributing 48 +/- 3.1% in grades 1 to 9 (without wearing masks). Ventilation alone cannot always meet the demands of COVID-19 control; 30 m(3)/h/person is suggested as the threshold outdoor air ventilation rate in a classroom. This study provides scientific support for COVID-19 prevention and control in classrooms, and our proposed human behavior detection and analysis methods offer a powerful tool to understand virus transmission characteristics and can be employed in various indoor environments.
Keyword ：
COVID-19 COVID-19 ventilation ventilation children health children health close contact behavior close contact behavior school pandemic prevention school pandemic prevention
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| GB/T 7714 | Guo, Yong , Dou, Zhiyang , Zhang, Nan et al. Student close contact behavior and COVID-19 transmission in China's classrooms [J]. | PNAS NEXUS , 2023 , 2 (5) . |
| MLA | Guo, Yong et al. "Student close contact behavior and COVID-19 transmission in China's classrooms" . | PNAS NEXUS 2 . 5 (2023) . |
| APA | Guo, Yong , Dou, Zhiyang , Zhang, Nan , Liu, Xiyue , Su, Boni , Li, Yuguo et al. Student close contact behavior and COVID-19 transmission in China's classrooms . | PNAS NEXUS , 2023 , 2 (5) . |
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Abstract ：
Objectives: Infectious viruses (e.g., SARS-CoV-2, norovirus) can transmit through surfaces. Norovirus has infected millions of individuals annually. Interventions on norovirus transmission in high-risk indoor environment are important. Methods: This study focused on a restaurant in Guangzhou, China. More than 41,000 touches by both diners and staff members were collected using video cameras. A surface transmission model was developed and combined with these real human touch behaviors to analyze the effectiveness of different norovirus prevention strategies. Results: When the virus carrier was a diner, the virus intake fraction of diners in the same table was the highest. Increasing the touch frequency on personal private surfaces would reduce the virus exposure. The virus intake fraction was reduced by 18.4% on average if public surfaces were not touched. Optimization on surface materials could reduce the virus intake fraction by 86.6%. Additionally, disinfecting tablecloths, clothes of diners, and chairs were the three most effective surface disinfection strategies. Conclusion: Controlling human touch behavior (e.g., reducing the self-touches on mucous membranes) is more effective than surface disinfection in controlling norovirus transmission, but surface disinfection cannot be ignored because human behavior is difficult to be controlled. © 2022 The Author(s)
Keyword ：
Norovirus Norovirus Human behavior Human behavior Restaurant Restaurant Surface touch Surface touch Surface disinfection Surface disinfection Fomite transmission Fomite transmission
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| GB/T 7714 | Jin, T. , Chen, X. , Nishio, M. et al. Interventions to prevent surface transmission of an infectious virus based on real human touch behavior: a case study of the norovirus [J]. | International Journal of Infectious Diseases , 2022 , 122 : 83-92 . |
| MLA | Jin, T. et al. "Interventions to prevent surface transmission of an infectious virus based on real human touch behavior: a case study of the norovirus" . | International Journal of Infectious Diseases 122 (2022) : 83-92 . |
| APA | Jin, T. , Chen, X. , Nishio, M. , Zhuang, L. , Shiomi, H. , Tonosaki, Y. et al. Interventions to prevent surface transmission of an infectious virus based on real human touch behavior: a case study of the norovirus . | International Journal of Infectious Diseases , 2022 , 122 , 83-92 . |
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Abstract ：
COVID-19 is a global threat. Non-pharmaceutical interventions were commonly adopted for COVID-19 prevention and control. However, during stable periods of the pandemic, energy would be inevitably wasted if all interventions were implemented. The study aims to reduce the building energy consumption when meet the demands of epidemic prevention and control under the stable period of COVID-19. Based on the improved Wells-Riley model considering dynamic quanta generation and pulmonary ventilation rate, we established the infection risk - equivalent fresh air volume - energy consumption model to analyze the infection risk and building energy consumption during different seasons and optimized the urban building energy consumption according to the spatio-temporal population distribution. Shopping centers and restaurants contributed the most in urban energy consumption, and if they are closed during the pandemic, the total infection risk would be reduced by 25%–40% and 15%–25% respectively and the urban energy consumption would be reduced by 30%–40% and 13%–20% respectively. If people wore masks in all public indoor environments (exclude restaurants and KTV), the infection risk could be reduced by 60%–70% and the energy consumption could be reduced by 20%–60%. Gyms pose the highest risk for COVID-19 transmission. If the energy consumption kept the same with the current value, after the optimization, infection risk in winter, summer and the transition season could be reduced by 65%, 53% and 60%, respectively. After the optimization, under the condition of Rt < 1, the energy consumption in winter, summer, and the transition season could be reduced by 72%, 64%, and 68% respectively. © 2022 Elsevier Ltd
Keyword ：
Building energy efficiency; COVID-19 prevention and control; Indoor environment; Infection risk; Non-pharmaceutical intervention Building energy efficiency; COVID-19 prevention and control; Indoor environment; Infection risk; Non-pharmaceutical intervention
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| GB/T 7714 | Hu, T. , Ji, Y. , Fei, F. et al. Optimization of COVID-19 prevention and control with low building energy consumption [J]. | Building and Environment , 2022 , 219 . |
| MLA | Hu, T. et al. "Optimization of COVID-19 prevention and control with low building energy consumption" . | Building and Environment 219 (2022) . |
| APA | Hu, T. , Ji, Y. , Fei, F. , Zhu, M. , Jin, T. , Xue, P. et al. Optimization of COVID-19 prevention and control with low building energy consumption . | Building and Environment , 2022 , 219 . |
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Abstract ：
Debate and scientific inquiries regarding airborne transmission of respiratory infections such as COVID-19 and influenza continue. Health authorities including the WHO and the US CDC have recognized the airborne transmission of COVID-19 in specific settings, although the ventilation requirements remain to be determined. In this work we consider the long-range airborne transmission as an extended short-range airborne route, which reconciles the link between short- and long-range airborne routes. The effective short-range distance is defined as the distance in short range at which long-range route has the same volumetric exposure value as that due to short-range route. Our data show that a decrease in ventilation rate or room volume per person, or an increase in the ratio of the number of infected to susceptible people reduces the effective short-range distance. In a normal breathing scenario with one out of five people infected and a room volume of 12 m3 per person to ensure an effective short-range distance of 1.5 m, a ventilation rate of 10 L/s per person is needed for a duration of 2 h. Our results suggest that effective environmental prevention strategies for respiratory infections require appropriate increases in the ventilation rate while maintaining a sufficiently low occupancy. Practical implications: Demonstration of the long-range airborne route as an extended short-range airborne route suggests the significant role played by building ventilation in respiratory infection exposure. The reconciliation of short- and long-range airborne transmission suggests that the commonly observed dominance of close-contact transmission is a probable evidence of short-range airborne transmission, following a separate earlier study that revealed the relative insignificance of large droplet transmission in comparison with the short-range airborneroute. Existing ventilation standards do not account for respiratory infection control, and this study presents a possible approach to account for infection under new ventilation standards.
Keyword ：
COVID-19 COVID-19 Airborne transmission Airborne transmission Ventilation rate Ventilation rate Crowding Crowding Indoor environment Indoor environment
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| GB/T 7714 | Chen, Wenzhao , Qian, Hua , Zhang, Nan et al. Extended short-range airborne transmission of respiratory infections [J]. | JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS , 2022 , 422 . |
| MLA | Chen, Wenzhao et al. "Extended short-range airborne transmission of respiratory infections" . | JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 422 (2022) . |
| APA | Chen, Wenzhao , Qian, Hua , Zhang, Nan , Liu, Fan , Liu, Li , Li, Yuguo . Extended short-range airborne transmission of respiratory infections . | JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS , 2022 , 422 . |
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Abstract ：
During COVID-19 pandemic, analysis on virus exposure and intervention efficiency in public transports based on real passenger's close contact behaviors is critical to curb infectious disease transmission. A monitoring device was developed to gather a total of 145,821 close contact data in subways based on semi-supervision learning. A virus transmission model considering both short- and long-range inhalation and deposition was established to calculate the virus exposure. During rush-hour, short-range inhalation exposure is 3.2 times higher than deposition exposure and 7.5 times higher than long-range inhalation exposure of all passengers in the subway. The close contact rate was 56.1 % and the average interpersonal distance was 0.8 m. Face-to-back was the main pattern during close contact. Comparing with random distribution, if all passengers stand facing in the same direction, personal virus exposure through inhalation (deposition) can be reduced by 74.1 % (98.5 %). If the talk rate was decreased from 20 % to 5 %, the inhalation (deposition) exposure can be reduced by 69.3 % (73.8 %). In addition, we found that virus exposure could be reduced by 82.0 % if all passengers wear surgical masks. This study provides scientific support for COVID-19 prevention and control in subways based on real human close contact behaviors. © 2022 Elsevier B.V.
Keyword ：
Close contact behavior; COVID-19; Deposition; Depth sensor; Inhalation; Subway; Virus exposure Close contact behavior; COVID-19; Deposition; Depth sensor; Inhalation; Subway; Virus exposure
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| GB/T 7714 | Liu, X. , Dou, Z. , Wang, L. et al. Close contact behavior-based COVID-19 transmission and interventions in a subway system [J]. | Journal of Hazardous Materials , 2022 , 436 . |
| MLA | Liu, X. et al. "Close contact behavior-based COVID-19 transmission and interventions in a subway system" . | Journal of Hazardous Materials 436 (2022) . |
| APA | Liu, X. , Dou, Z. , Wang, L. , Su, B. , Jin, T. , Guo, Y. et al. Close contact behavior-based COVID-19 transmission and interventions in a subway system . | Journal of Hazardous Materials , 2022 , 436 . |
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Abstract ：
COVID-19 has threatened human lives. Countries have implemented various interventions such as vaccination, mask-wearing, body temperature screening, and isolation. However, the effectiveness of single and combined interventions has not yet been accurately analyzed. In this study, an improved SEIR model considering both real human indoor close contact behaviors and susceptibility to COVID-19 was established. Taking Hong Kong as an example, a quantitative assessment of the relationship between the efficiency of single and combined interventions and implementation time and intensity was carried out. The results showed that the infection risk (one-hour close contact with an infected person) of COVID-19 of students, workers, and non-workers/non-students was 3.1%, 8.7%, and 13.6%, respectively. Workplace closures were more effective among built environment interventions. If mask-wearing was mandatorily required in schools, workplaces, supermarkets, shopping centers, and public transport, COVID-19 could not be totally restricted. Workers should be prioritized for vaccination, followed by non-workers/non-students and students. Among all interventions, reducing close contact rate and increasing vaccination rate were better interventions. There was no COVID-19 outbreak (basic reproduction number R-0 = 1) if the close contact reduction rate was 59.9% or the vaccination rate reached 89.5%. The results may provide scientific support for COVID-19 prevention and control.
Keyword ：
workplace closures workplace closures mask-wearing mask-wearing close contact close contact COVID-19 COVID-19 infection risk infection risk nuclei acid test nuclei acid test school closures school closures SEIR model SEIR model vaccination vaccination intervention intervention
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| GB/T 7714 | Miao, Doudou , Zhang, Nan . Human Close Contact Behavior-Based Interventions for COVID-19 Transmission [J]. | BUILDINGS , 2022 , 12 (3) . |
| MLA | Miao, Doudou et al. "Human Close Contact Behavior-Based Interventions for COVID-19 Transmission" . | BUILDINGS 12 . 3 (2022) . |
| APA | Miao, Doudou , Zhang, Nan . Human Close Contact Behavior-Based Interventions for COVID-19 Transmission . | BUILDINGS , 2022 , 12 (3) . |
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Abstract ：
Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is primarily a respiratory disease that has become a global pandemic. Close contact plays an important role in infection spread, while fomite may also be a possible transmission route. Research during the COVID-19 pandemic has identified long-range airborne transmission as one of the important transmission routes although lack solid evidence. Methods: We examined video data related to a restaurant associated COVID-19 outbreak in Guangzhou. We observed more than 40,000 surface touches and 13,00 0 episodes of close contacts in the restaurant during the entire lunch duration. These data allowed us to analyse infection risk via both the fomite and close contact routes. Results: There is no significant correlation between the infection risk via both fomite and close contact routes among those who were not family members of the index case. We can thus rule out virus transmission via fomite contact and interpersonal close contact routes in the Guangzhou restaurant outbreak. The absence of a fomite route agrees with the COVID-19 literature. Conclusions: These results provide indirect evidence for the long-range airborne route dominating SARSCoV-2 transmission in the restaurant. We note that the restaurant was poorly ventilated, allowing for increasing airborne SARS-CoV-2 concentration. (C) 2021 The British Infection Association. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keyword ：
Airborne Airborne Fomite Fomite Covid-19 Covid-19 Human behavior Human behavior Close contact Close contact
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| GB/T 7714 | Zhang, Nan , Chen, Xuguang , Jia, Wei et al. Y Evidence for lack of transmission by close contact and surface touch in a restaurant outbreak of COVID-19 [J]. | JOURNAL OF INFECTION , 2021 , 83 (2) : 207-216 . |
| MLA | Zhang, Nan et al. "Y Evidence for lack of transmission by close contact and surface touch in a restaurant outbreak of COVID-19" . | JOURNAL OF INFECTION 83 . 2 (2021) : 207-216 . |
| APA | Zhang, Nan , Chen, Xuguang , Jia, Wei , Jin, Tianyi , Xiao, Shenglan , Chen, Wenzhao et al. Y Evidence for lack of transmission by close contact and surface touch in a restaurant outbreak of COVID-19 . | JOURNAL OF INFECTION , 2021 , 83 (2) , 207-216 . |
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