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韩强

教授
博士生导师

建筑工程学院

韩强，教授，博士生导师。 2003.09~2007.06 北京工业大学 结构工程专业, 博士。 2007.04~2009.06 清华大学 土木工程博士后流动站, 博士后。 2010.09~2011.09 The State University of New York at Buffalo 土木工程系, 访问学者。 2009.06~Now 北京工业大学 建筑工程学院, 教师。 现任建筑工程学院院长助理，土木工程系副主任，道路与桥梁工程研究所副所长， 教育部创新团队发展计划团队和国家自然科学基金委创新研究群体学术骨干。 研究方向：桥梁抗震与减震控制、加速桥梁建造/改造及性能提升。

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Hysteretic Behavior of a Multifunctional Phased Self-Adaptive Rotational Friction Damper SCIE
期刊论文 | 2025 , 151 (4) | JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
Dong, Huihui | Wang, Yudi | Bi, Kaiming | Du, Xiuli | Han, Qiang Unfold
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Abstract ：

A novel self-adaptive damper with load bearing, energy dissipation, and self-centering phased adaption performance, known as the "multifunctional phased self-adaptive rotational friction" (MFPSA-RF) damper, is proposed based on the multilevel seismic concept. This innovative damper consists of multiple MFPSA-RF joints and several corresponding connecting plates. Each MFPSA-RF joint comprises three friction plates clamped together by high-strength bolts with prestressed combined disc springs. The friction plates are specifically combined with two types of friction surfaces-planar and wedge-shaped-to enable the damper to exhibit graded self-adaptive behavior. The working mechanism of the damper is elucidated, and a theoretical analysis model is developed to describe its force-displacement relationship. Experimental studies on the damper components and the whole damper were carried out to test its hysteretic behavior and further validated the theoretical analysis model of the MFPSA-RF damper. The results demonstrated that the MFPSA-RF damper exhibits prominent adaptive performance with MFPSA performance, characterized by high stiffness in small deformations, stable energy dissipation in medium deformations, and excellent self-centering capability in large deformations. Furthermore, a mathematical hysteretic model based on the Bouc-Wen model is developed to capture the MFPSA characteristic, and the modified model's predicted hysteretic behavior aligns well with the experimental results.

Keyword ：

Residual displacement Residual displacement Modified Bouc-Wen model Modified Bouc-Wen model Self-adaptive rotational friction damper Self-adaptive rotational friction damper Multifunctional phased self-adaptive performance Multifunctional phased self-adaptive performance Quasi-static cyclic loading test Quasi-static cyclic loading test

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GB/T 7714 Dong, Huihui , Wang, Yudi , Bi, Kaiming et al. Hysteretic Behavior of a Multifunctional Phased Self-Adaptive Rotational Friction Damper [J]. | JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING , 2025 , 151 (4) .
MLA Dong, Huihui et al. "Hysteretic Behavior of a Multifunctional Phased Self-Adaptive Rotational Friction Damper" . | JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING 151 . 4 (2025) .
APA Dong, Huihui , Wang, Yudi , Bi, Kaiming , Du, Xiuli , Han, Qiang . Hysteretic Behavior of a Multifunctional Phased Self-Adaptive Rotational Friction Damper . | JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING , 2025 , 151 (4) .
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Bayesian model updating with variational inference and Gaussian copula model SCIE
期刊论文 | 2025 , 438 | COMPUTER METHODS IN APPLIED MECHANICS AND ENGINEERING
Li, Qiang | Ni, Pinghe | Du, Xiuli | Han, Qiang Unfold
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Abstract ：

Bayesian model updating based on variational inference (VI-BMU) methods have attracted widespread attention due to their excellent computational tractability. Traditional VI-BMU methods often employ the mean-field assumption, which simplifies computation by treating model parameters as independent. Recent advances in variational inference have introduced more flexible variational distributions, enabling accurate modeling of parameter dependencies. To further address the limitations of traditional VI-BMU methods, this paper introduces a novel Bayesian model updating framework based on variational inference and Gaussian copula model (VGC-BMU). This framework incorporates Gaussian copula model to simulate the dependency relationships between model parameters, significantly improving the accuracy of posterior distribution estimation. The theoretical relationship between the VGC-BMU and traditional VI-BMU is derived, and the necessity and advantages of parameter dependency modeling are elucidated. Moreover, a simplified computational approach is developed by introducing Jacobian matrix transformations and parameter expansion techniques to address the high computational complexity of the VGC-BMU. The method's capability to identify parameter dependencies is first demonstrated through two simple numerical models. Subsequently, two engineering case studies-a four-story shear frame model and a steel pedestrian bridge model-are selected to evaluate the performance of VGC-BMU in parameter identification and dependency modeling. The results demonstrate that VGC-BMU significantly improves parameter identification accuracy compared to traditional VI-BMU methods. Furthermore, VGC-BMU exhibits superior accuracy and robustness in response prediction by incorporating parameter dependency modeling, making it a more effective and reliable approach for engineering applications.

Keyword ：

Bayesian model updating Bayesian model updating Variational inference Variational inference Variational copula inference Variational copula inference Gaussian copula model Gaussian copula model Structural response prediction Structural response prediction

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GB/T 7714 Li, Qiang , Ni, Pinghe , Du, Xiuli et al. Bayesian model updating with variational inference and Gaussian copula model [J]. | COMPUTER METHODS IN APPLIED MECHANICS AND ENGINEERING , 2025 , 438 .
MLA Li, Qiang et al. "Bayesian model updating with variational inference and Gaussian copula model" . | COMPUTER METHODS IN APPLIED MECHANICS AND ENGINEERING 438 (2025) .
APA Li, Qiang , Ni, Pinghe , Du, Xiuli , Han, Qiang . Bayesian model updating with variational inference and Gaussian copula model . | COMPUTER METHODS IN APPLIED MECHANICS AND ENGINEERING , 2025 , 438 .
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Residual displacement responses of RC bridge columns with degradation and pinching effect under near-fault pulsed ground motions SCIE
期刊论文 | 2024 | BULLETIN OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
Dong, Huihui | Wang, Chao | Du, Xiuli | Han, Qiang Unfold
WoS CC Cited Count： 2
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Abstract ：

With the development of performance-based seismic design, the residual displacements of structures have become a key factor in determining the post-earthquake functionality and post-earthquake repair cost. However, the factors affecting the residual displacement responses of the RC structure and the corresponding influence laws have not been uniformly understood. This paper systematically investigates the influence of structural properties and ground motion characteristics on the residual displacements of the RC bridge columns, especially the near-fault pulsed ground motion characteristics. To this end, the ultimate quasi-static residual displacement and the dynamic residual displacement are first defined and introduced. Then, Bouc-Wen models and the finite element models of RC columns are selected as target models, and quasi-static analyses and dynamic time history analyses of the two models are performed to obtain the residual displacement responses. The results show that the structural properties and ground motion characteristics significantly affect the residual displacement responses of the RC bridge columns. The influence laws of structural properties on residual displacement responses of different models obtained by using different analysis methods are inconsistent, and it is also differences in the influence laws when using different residual displacement indexes. Furthermore, the residual displacement responses of the RC columns subjected to near-fault pulsed ground motions are larger compared with ground motions without pulses, and they increase with the increasing of the pulse period. The symmetrical pulsed ground motions result in higher residual displacement demands compared with antisymmetric pulsed ground motions.

Keyword ：

Residual displacement responses of RC columns Residual displacement responses of RC columns Finite element model Finite element model Bouc-Wen model Bouc-Wen model Near-fault pulsed ground motion Near-fault pulsed ground motion Quasi-static analyses Quasi-static analyses Dynamic time history analyses Dynamic time history analyses

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GB/T 7714 Dong, Huihui , Wang, Chao , Du, Xiuli et al. Residual displacement responses of RC bridge columns with degradation and pinching effect under near-fault pulsed ground motions [J]. | BULLETIN OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING , 2024 .
MLA Dong, Huihui et al. "Residual displacement responses of RC bridge columns with degradation and pinching effect under near-fault pulsed ground motions" . | BULLETIN OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING (2024) .
APA Dong, Huihui , Wang, Chao , Du, Xiuli , Han, Qiang . Residual displacement responses of RC bridge columns with degradation and pinching effect under near-fault pulsed ground motions . | BULLETIN OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING , 2024 .
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基于长短期记忆网络的FRP约束混凝土圆柱循环轴压应力-应变预测模型
期刊论文 | 2024 , 41 (2) , 98-111 | 工程力学
姜克杰 | 胡松 | 韩强
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Abstract ：

纤维增强复合材料(Fiber reinforced polymer,FRP)已被广泛应用于既有混凝土结构的加固改造和新建结构中.FRP约束混凝土柱在地震作用下通常会受到轴压的往复循环作用,研究FRP约束混凝土在循环轴压作用下的应力-应变特性对于FRP在实际工程中的应用具有重要意义.该文提出了一种用于建模循环轴压下FRP约束混凝土柱应力-应变特性的神经网络预测模型,该模型采用长短期记忆(Long short-term memory,LSTM)单元对循环应力-应变曲线中的滞回特性进行建模,构件的物理参数被有效地集成在网络的输入中.该模型能以端到端的方式进行高效的训练且不依赖任何专家经验.制作了一个包含 166个FRP约束普通混凝土柱的循环轴压数据库,在该数据库上对模型的准确性和鲁棒性进行了充分的评估,结果表明测试集平均预测误差仅为0.32 MPa.此外,对网络结构和超参数的影响进行了详细的讨论,结果表明该模型具有出色的预测性能.

Keyword ：

机器学习 机器学习 LSTM LSTM 应力-应变曲线 应力-应变曲线 循环轴压 循环轴压 FRP约束混凝土 FRP约束混凝土

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GB/T 7714 姜克杰 , 胡松 , 韩强 . 基于长短期记忆网络的FRP约束混凝土圆柱循环轴压应力-应变预测模型 [J]. | 工程力学 , 2024 , 41 (2) : 98-111 .
MLA 姜克杰 et al. "基于长短期记忆网络的FRP约束混凝土圆柱循环轴压应力-应变预测模型" . | 工程力学 41 . 2 (2024) : 98-111 .
APA 姜克杰 , 胡松 , 韩强 . 基于长短期记忆网络的FRP约束混凝土圆柱循环轴压应力-应变预测模型 . | 工程力学 , 2024 , 41 (2) , 98-111 .
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空间异形拱桥振动台试验设计
期刊论文 | 2024 , 44 (01) , 104-114 | 地震工程与工程振动
韩强 | 刘芃汐 | 惠斌 | 张广达 | 许坤 | 王利辉 | 贾振雷 Unfold
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Abstract ：

振动台试验是研究大型结构复杂动力特性和地震响应的有效手段，由于振动台尺寸和载重的限制，合理设计缩尺模型结构是振动台试验成功的关键。基于量纲相似法及弹性相似律，取1∶20的几何相似比，以某空间异形拱桥为原型，开展了其关键参数动力缩尺模型设计。首先，通过有限元数值分析，分析了动力作用下原桥模型与缩尺桥模型的动力特性、关键部位内力与位移等响应，以验证缩尺模型的合理性；并在选取合理地震动作用下，开展了结构时程响应分析。研究结果表明：缩尺模型桥与原型桥前10阶模态完全吻合且频率误差小于7%,关键截面内力、位移和加速度等响应误差未超过10%,缩尺模型桥可较好地反映原桥动力特性和响应特点。研究成果可为空间异形拱桥振动台抗震设计提供技术支撑并为同类桥梁振动台试验提供参考。

Keyword ：

空间异形拱桥 空间异形拱桥 动力特性 动力特性 动力缩尺模型 动力缩尺模型 动力响应 动力响应

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GB/T 7714 韩强 , 刘芃汐 , 惠斌 et al. 空间异形拱桥振动台试验设计 [J]. | 地震工程与工程振动 , 2024 , 44 (01) : 104-114 .
MLA 韩强 et al. "空间异形拱桥振动台试验设计" . | 地震工程与工程振动 44 . 01 (2024) : 104-114 .
APA 韩强 , 刘芃汐 , 惠斌 , 张广达 , 许坤 , 王利辉 et al. 空间异形拱桥振动台试验设计 . | 地震工程与工程振动 , 2024 , 44 (01) , 104-114 .
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基于位移放大型变刚度自复位阻尼器的滞回性能研究
期刊论文 | 2024 , 45 (08) , 180-191 | 建筑结构学报
董慧慧 | 杨智乐 | 杜修力 | 韩强 Unfold
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Abstract ：

为解决传统阻尼器屈服后刚度和强度不足的问题，基于分阶段抗震设计理念，研发一种基于位移放大型变刚度自复位阻尼器(self-centering dampers based on variable stiffness and displacement amplification, SDVD),能够兼顾结构在不同变形阶段的刚度和承载力需求。该阻尼器主要由子模块初始刚度模块(initial stiffness module, ISM)和变刚度模块(variable stiffness module, VSM)组成，基于阻尼器的构造，分析其子模块及整个阻尼器的工作机理；以ISM和VSM的长度和宽度为参数，设计并制作模块ISM和VSM及SDVD整体的模型试件，通过拟静力试验研究子模块及整个阻尼器的滞回性能；通过有限元模型(finite element model, FEM)研究阻尼器滞回性能的参数影响规律。研究结果表明：该阻尼器表现出拉压对称的旗帜形滞回特性，同时具有位移放大效应和变刚度特性；通过对比分析，由有限元分析得到的阻尼器滞回曲线与拟静力试验结果吻合较好；SDVD的初始刚度和强度主要由ISM提供，并且随着ISM丝束长度的减小而增加；SDVD的屈服后刚度和承载力主要由VSM提供，且随着VSM挡杆宽度的减小而增加。

Keyword ：

自复位阻尼器 自复位阻尼器 拟静力试验 拟静力试验 位移放大效应 位移放大效应 分阶段抗震 分阶段抗震 变刚度特性 变刚度特性 滞回性能 滞回性能

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GB/T 7714 董慧慧 , 杨智乐 , 杜修力 et al. 基于位移放大型变刚度自复位阻尼器的滞回性能研究 [J]. | 建筑结构学报 , 2024 , 45 (08) : 180-191 .
MLA 董慧慧 et al. "基于位移放大型变刚度自复位阻尼器的滞回性能研究" . | 建筑结构学报 45 . 08 (2024) : 180-191 .
APA 董慧慧 , 杨智乐 , 杜修力 , 韩强 . 基于位移放大型变刚度自复位阻尼器的滞回性能研究 . | 建筑结构学报 , 2024 , 45 (08) , 180-191 .
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震后RC桥墩竖向承载力最优工程需求参数的选取方法
期刊论文 | 2024 , 57 (04) , 59-70 | 土木工程学报
董慧慧 | 马睿 | 韩强 | 杜修力 Unfold
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Abstract ：

桥墩结构的震后竖向承载力是评估梁式桥梁震后通行功能的重要指标，但其难以测量。为了快速定量地评估桥梁结构的震后通行能力，对评估梁式桥梁结构震后竖向承载力的最优工程需求参数(EDP)进行了系统地研究。首先选取与墩柱残余侧移和损伤相关的5个EDPs,通过对考虑了材料不确定性的RC桥墩进行Pushover分析和动力时程分析得到5个EDPs,进一步对震后的桥墩进行Pushdown分析获取震后竖向承载力。然后采用回归模型对所选EDPs与震后竖向承载力损失比的关系曲线进行回归分析，选取竖向承载力损失比关系曲线的最优回归模型为在ln(x)-y坐标系中的正态累积函数模型，进一步通过最优EDP评价准则对评估竖向承载力损失比的5个EDPs进行评价分析。评价结果表明：当考虑震后可计算性时，峰值侧移率最优；当考虑震后可测性时，残余侧移率最优；当考虑余震时，改进的Park-Ang指标最优。通过选取的最优EDP可以建立桥梁结构功能指标与抗震性能指标之间的联系，为进一步发展和完善桥梁结构的抗震韧性评估和设计提供参考。

Keyword ：

残余侧移率 残余侧移率 最优EDP 最优EDP 桥墩 桥墩 损伤程度 损伤程度 竖向承载力损失 竖向承载力损失 震后通行能力 震后通行能力

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GB/T 7714 董慧慧 , 马睿 , 韩强 et al. 震后RC桥墩竖向承载力最优工程需求参数的选取方法 [J]. | 土木工程学报 , 2024 , 57 (04) : 59-70 .
MLA 董慧慧 et al. "震后RC桥墩竖向承载力最优工程需求参数的选取方法" . | 土木工程学报 57 . 04 (2024) : 59-70 .
APA 董慧慧 , 马睿 , 韩强 , 杜修力 . 震后RC桥墩竖向承载力最优工程需求参数的选取方法 . | 土木工程学报 , 2024 , 57 (04) , 59-70 .
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Quantification of multi-level residual drift ratios of RC bridge piers based on traffic flow capacity and its application in seismic failure assessment of RC bridge piers with EDBs SCIE
期刊论文 | 2024 , 22 (11) , 5917-5949 | BULLETIN OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
Dong, Huihui | Huang, Hui | Ma, Rui | Du, Xiuli | Han, Qiang Unfold
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Abstract ：

To enhance the post-earthquake traffic flow capacity of bridge structures, various energy dissipation braces (EDBs) have been developed and applied. However, the effect of various EDBs on the improvement of the post-earthquake functionality of the bridge is difficult to evaluate mainly due to the imperfections in the functional indexes of bridge structures. This study aims to quantify the multi-level residual drift ratios of RC bridge piers based on traffic flow capacity, and to assess the seismic failure of RC bridge piers with different EDBs based on traffic flow capacity. To this end, the traffic flow was categorized into five levels based on the relationship between the traffic flow capacity and the seismic performance of the bridge. The post-earthquake performance states were evaluated on the basis of the residual drift ratio as a performance indicator, and the corresponding residual drift ratio thresholds for bridge structures under different function levels were determined as 0.06%, 0.24%, 0.49%, and 0.85% based on the numerical analysis results. Using traffic flow capacity as the limit states, the failure probabilities of the RC bridge bents with buckling restrained braces (BRBs) and self-centering energy-dissipation braces (SCEBs) were further investigated. The results show that traditional BRBs show better performance with respect to the maximum drift ratio while the SCEBs show better performance with respect to the residual drift ratio. It is indicated that the SCEB is much more effective in improving the repairability and post-earthquake traffic flow capacity of the bridge.

Keyword ：

Seismic resilience Seismic resilience Traffic flow capacity Traffic flow capacity Damage state Damage state Residual drift ratio Residual drift ratio Energy dissipation braces Energy dissipation braces RC bridge pier RC bridge pier

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GB/T 7714 Dong, Huihui , Huang, Hui , Ma, Rui et al. Quantification of multi-level residual drift ratios of RC bridge piers based on traffic flow capacity and its application in seismic failure assessment of RC bridge piers with EDBs [J]. | BULLETIN OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING , 2024 , 22 (11) : 5917-5949 .
MLA Dong, Huihui et al. "Quantification of multi-level residual drift ratios of RC bridge piers based on traffic flow capacity and its application in seismic failure assessment of RC bridge piers with EDBs" . | BULLETIN OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING 22 . 11 (2024) : 5917-5949 .
APA Dong, Huihui , Huang, Hui , Ma, Rui , Du, Xiuli , Han, Qiang . Quantification of multi-level residual drift ratios of RC bridge piers based on traffic flow capacity and its application in seismic failure assessment of RC bridge piers with EDBs . | BULLETIN OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING , 2024 , 22 (11) , 5917-5949 .
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Re-centering capability of partially self-centering structures with flag-shaped hysteretic behavior subjected to near-fault pulsed ground motion SCIE
期刊论文 | 2024 , 186 | SOIL DYNAMICS AND EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
Dong, Huihui | Wang, Chao | Han, Qiang | Du, Xiuli Unfold
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Abstract ：

Self-centering structures have become the focus of current research in earthquake engineering due to their excellent re-centering capability. The re-centering capability primarily influences the residual displacement of structures that is an essential index for assessing the performance of post-earthquake functional and withstand subsequent seismic events of structures. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the re-centering capability of partially self-centering structures with flag-shaped hysteretic behavior subjected to near-fault pulsed ground motion. To this end, the current provisions on residual displacement of structures were first introduced. Then two self-centering energy dissipation braces (SCEBs) with fully re-centering capability and partially centering capability are developed, and their hysteretic behavior are investigated by quasi-static cyclic loading tests. To capture the flag-shaped hysteretic behavior of such self-centering structures, a mathematical restoring force model based on the Bouc-Wen model is developed. It is found that the self-centering capacity of a partially self-centering structure is inversely related to the energy dissipation capacity, resulting in a reciprocal effect on the maximum and residual deformations of the structure under earthquakes. The influence of the critical parameters (including the energy dissipation ratio (beta), the post-yield stiffness ratio(alpha) and pulse period (Tp)) on the re-centering capability of the model is further investigated by using mathematical and statistical methods. Based on these results, the design recommended values of beta for models with different alpha are given, furthermore, a simplified calculation formula for residual displacement of partially self-centering structures is established based on mathematical statistics.

Keyword ：

Residual displacement Residual displacement Re-centering capability Re-centering capability Design recommendation value of beta Design recommendation value of beta Partially self-centering structures Partially self-centering structures Flag-shaped hysteretic behavior Flag-shaped hysteretic behavior

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GB/T 7714 Dong, Huihui , Wang, Chao , Han, Qiang et al. Re-centering capability of partially self-centering structures with flag-shaped hysteretic behavior subjected to near-fault pulsed ground motion [J]. | SOIL DYNAMICS AND EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING , 2024 , 186 .
MLA Dong, Huihui et al. "Re-centering capability of partially self-centering structures with flag-shaped hysteretic behavior subjected to near-fault pulsed ground motion" . | SOIL DYNAMICS AND EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING 186 (2024) .
APA Dong, Huihui , Wang, Chao , Han, Qiang , Du, Xiuli . Re-centering capability of partially self-centering structures with flag-shaped hysteretic behavior subjected to near-fault pulsed ground motion . | SOIL DYNAMICS AND EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING , 2024 , 186 .
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混凝土帽盖模型参数标定及桥梁冲击损伤模拟应用
期刊论文 | 2024 , 37 (5) , 151-174 | 中国公路学报
宋彦臣 | 刘学鹏 | 王君杰 | 韩强 Unfold
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Abstract ：

冲击荷载作用下混凝土响应与应力状态、应变率密切相关,数值分析存在本构模型理论复杂、参数繁多,工程应用困难等问题.基于弹塑性损伤帽盖模型,针对拉伸、压缩、剪切应力状态下混凝土的损伤特征,阐明了损伤参数取值与单元尺寸的依赖关系,提出了混凝土本构模型损伤参数及率效应参数的确定方法.然后,针对冲击作用下RC构件的弯曲与剪切损伤破坏行为,基于构件冲击试验分别从损伤参数的单元尺寸依赖性、剪胀损伤模拟必要性2个方面对混凝土弹塑性损伤帽盖模型参数取值的可靠性进行了验证,并对2种常用弹塑性损伤帽盖模型进行了对比.最后,基于某大桥船撞损伤破坏事故案例,进一步对大桥的船撞破坏过程进行了模拟验证.结果表明:采用所提出损伤参数标定方法可以很好地描述冲击作用下混凝土构件及结构在不同受力状态下的损伤演化过程及动态响应,解决了弹塑性损伤帽盖模型参数过多、取值困难而不便应用问题,可为混凝土桥梁结构冲击数值分析提供参考.

Keyword ：

混凝土桥梁 混凝土桥梁 仿真验证 仿真验证 弹塑性损伤帽盖模型 弹塑性损伤帽盖模型 参数标定 参数标定 桥梁工程 桥梁工程 低速冲击 低速冲击

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GB/T 7714 宋彦臣 , 刘学鹏 , 王君杰 et al. 混凝土帽盖模型参数标定及桥梁冲击损伤模拟应用 [J]. | 中国公路学报 , 2024 , 37 (5) : 151-174 .
MLA 宋彦臣 et al. "混凝土帽盖模型参数标定及桥梁冲击损伤模拟应用" . | 中国公路学报 37 . 5 (2024) : 151-174 .
APA 宋彦臣 , 刘学鹏 , 王君杰 , 韩强 . 混凝土帽盖模型参数标定及桥梁冲击损伤模拟应用 . | 中国公路学报 , 2024 , 37 (5) , 151-174 .
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