We　conducted　a　cross-sectional　study　to　determine　the　prevalence　and　risk　factors　of　leukopenia　and　thrombocytopenia　among　Chinese　adults　with　newly　diagnosed　HIV/AIDS.　One　thousand　nine　hundred　and　forty-eight　newly　diagnosed　HIV-infected　patients　were　enrolled　between　2009　and　2010.　Serum　samples　obtained　from　each　individual　were　collected　for　complete　blood　count.　Factors　associated　with　the　presence　of　leukopenia　and　thrombocytopenia　were　analyzed　by　multiple　logistic　regression.　The　overall　prevalence　of　leukopenia　and　of　thrombocytopenia　was　33.2%　and　15.6%,　respectively.　The　prevalence　of　leukopenia　was　higher　among　females　than　among　males　(39.4%　versus　31.2%).　The　prevalence　of　leukopenia　increased　with　decreasing　CD4　count　(8.2%,　26.5%,　33.4%,　and　41.5%　among　patients　with　CD4　count　of　＞=　350,　200-349,　50-199,　and　＜　50　cells/mm(3)　respectively).　The　prevalence　of　thrombocytopenia　also　showed　an　increasing　trend　with　decreasing　CD4　count　(5.8%,　12.2%,　17.8%,　and　17.5%　among　patients　with　CD4　count　of　＞=　350,　200-349,　50-199,　and　＜　50　cells/mm(3),　respectively).　Logistic　analysis　showed　that　female　sex,　lower　CD4　count,　and　Han　ethnicity　were　significantly　associated　with　an　increased　risk　of　leukopenia,　and　that　lower　CD4　count,　and　HIV　transmission　by　blood　were　significantly　associated　with　an　increased　risk　of　thrombocytopenia.　The　study　reflects　that　leukopenia　and　thrombocytopenia　are　common　among　Chinese　adults　with　newly　diagnosed　HIV/AIDS;　and　lower　CD4　count　is　associated　with　an　increased　risk　of　both　leukopenia　and　thrombocytopenia.　We　propose　that　a　routine　assessment　of　these　parameters　is　necessary　for　timely　and　adequate　clinical　management.