In　order　to　rapidly　identify　internal　damage　levels　accurately　in　ancient　wood　components,　stress　wave　detection　technology　was　used　to　perform　simulated　damage　tests　on　pine　specimens.　Based　on　the　detected　wave　velocity　data,　the　diameter　of　the　specimen,　the　attenuation　coefficient,　and　the　ratio　of　the　wave　velocities　on　the　four　paths　were　selected　as　the　discriminant　factors　for　identifying　the　level　of　internal　damage　in　the　specimens.　A　case-based　reasoning　method　for　discriminating　internal　damage　levels　in　ancient　wood　components　based　on　fuzzy　similarity　priority　was　proposed.　A　fuzzy　similarity　priority　relationship　between　the　target　case　and　the　source　case　was　established.　By　introducing　the　idea　of　variable　weights,　the　weight　of　each　discriminant　factor　was　determined　via　the　＂penalize-excitation＂　variable　weight　function.　The　comprehensive　similarity　sequences　between　the　target　case　and　the　source　case　were　obtained.　The　source　case　that　was　most　similar　to　the　target　case　was　used　to　determine　the　damage　level　of　the　target　case.　The　results　showed　that　this　method　can　quickly　and　accurately　identify　the　damage　levels　in　ancient　wood　components,　which　provides　a　new　method　for　the　safe　evaluation　of　ancient　wood　buildings.