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Author:

Zhang, Jiaming (Zhang, Jiaming.) | Sang, Jitao (Sang, Jitao.) | Xu, Kaiyuan (Xu, Kaiyuan.) | Wu, Shangxi (Wu, Shangxi.) | Zhao, Xian (Zhao, Xian.) | Sun, Yanfeng (Sun, Yanfeng.) (Scholars:孙艳丰) | Hu, Yongli (Hu, Yongli.) (Scholars:胡永利) | Yu, Jian (Yu, Jian.)

Indexed by:

EI Scopus SCIE

Abstract:

Turing test was originally proposed to examine whether machine's behavior is indistinguishable from a human. The most popular and practical Turing test is CAPTCHA, which is to discriminate algorithm from human by offering recognition-alike questions. The recent development of deep learning has significantly advanced the capability of algorithm in solving CAPTCHA questions, forcing CAPTCHA designers to increase question complexity. Instead of designing questions difficult for both algorithm and human, this study attempts to employ the limitations of algorithm to design robust CAPTCHA questions easily solvable to human. Specifically, our data analysis observes that human and algorithm demonstrates different vulnerability to visual distortions: adversarial perturbation is significantly annoying to algorithm yet friendly to human. We are motivated to employ adversarially perturbed images for robust CAPTCHA design in the context of character-based questions. Four modules of multi-target attack, ensemble adversarial training, image preprocessing differentiable approximation, and expectation are proposed to address the characteristics of character-based CAPTCHA cracking. Qualitative and quantitative experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed solution. We hope this study can lead to the discussions around adversarial attack/defense in CAPTCHA design and also inspire the future attempts in employing algorithm limitation for practical usage.

Keyword:

CAPTCHA OCR Complexity theory CAPTCHAs Optical character recognition software Character recognition Machine learning Distortion Adversarial example Robustness

Author Community:

  • [ 1 ] [Zhang, Jiaming]Beijing Jiaotong Univ, Sch Comp & Informat Technol, Beijing 100044, Peoples R China
  • [ 2 ] [Sang, Jitao]Beijing Jiaotong Univ, Sch Comp & Informat Technol, Beijing 100044, Peoples R China
  • [ 3 ] [Xu, Kaiyuan]Beijing Jiaotong Univ, Sch Comp & Informat Technol, Beijing 100044, Peoples R China
  • [ 4 ] [Wu, Shangxi]Beijing Jiaotong Univ, Sch Comp & Informat Technol, Beijing 100044, Peoples R China
  • [ 5 ] [Zhao, Xian]Beijing Jiaotong Univ, Sch Comp & Informat Technol, Beijing 100044, Peoples R China
  • [ 6 ] [Yu, Jian]Beijing Jiaotong Univ, Sch Comp & Informat Technol, Beijing 100044, Peoples R China
  • [ 7 ] [Zhang, Jiaming]Beijing Jiaotong Univ, Beijing Key Lab Traff Data Anal & Min, Beijing 100044, Peoples R China
  • [ 8 ] [Sang, Jitao]Beijing Jiaotong Univ, Beijing Key Lab Traff Data Anal & Min, Beijing 100044, Peoples R China
  • [ 9 ] [Xu, Kaiyuan]Beijing Jiaotong Univ, Beijing Key Lab Traff Data Anal & Min, Beijing 100044, Peoples R China
  • [ 10 ] [Wu, Shangxi]Beijing Jiaotong Univ, Beijing Key Lab Traff Data Anal & Min, Beijing 100044, Peoples R China
  • [ 11 ] [Zhao, Xian]Beijing Jiaotong Univ, Beijing Key Lab Traff Data Anal & Min, Beijing 100044, Peoples R China
  • [ 12 ] [Yu, Jian]Beijing Jiaotong Univ, Beijing Key Lab Traff Data Anal & Min, Beijing 100044, Peoples R China
  • [ 13 ] [Zhang, Jiaming]Peng Cheng Lab, Shenzhen 518055, Peoples R China
  • [ 14 ] [Sang, Jitao]Peng Cheng Lab, Shenzhen 518055, Peoples R China
  • [ 15 ] [Sun, Yanfeng]Beijing Univ Technol, Beijing Key Lab Multimedia & Intelligent Software, Fac Informat Technol, Beijing 100124, Peoples R China
  • [ 16 ] [Hu, Yongli]Beijing Univ Technol, Beijing Key Lab Multimedia & Intelligent Software, Fac Informat Technol, Beijing 100124, Peoples R China
  • [ 17 ] [Sun, Yanfeng]Beijing Univ Technol, Beijing Artificial Intelligence Inst, Fac Informat Technol, Beijing 100124, Peoples R China
  • [ 18 ] [Hu, Yongli]Beijing Univ Technol, Beijing Artificial Intelligence Inst, Fac Informat Technol, Beijing 100124, Peoples R China

Reprint Author's Address:

  • 胡永利

    [Hu, Yongli]Beijing Univ Technol, Beijing Key Lab Multimedia & Intelligent Software, Fac Informat Technol, Beijing 100124, Peoples R China;;[Hu, Yongli]Beijing Univ Technol, Beijing Artificial Intelligence Inst, Fac Informat Technol, Beijing 100124, Peoples R China

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Source :

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MULTIMEDIA

ISSN: 1520-9210

Year: 2021

Volume: 23

Page: 2575-2587

7 . 3 0 0

JCR@2022

ESI Discipline: COMPUTER SCIENCE;

ESI HC Threshold:87

JCR Journal Grade:1

Cited Count:

WoS CC Cited Count: 14

SCOPUS Cited Count: 23

ESI Highly Cited Papers on the List: 0 Unfold All

WanFang Cited Count:

Chinese Cited Count:

30 Days PV: 7

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