Four　anaerobic　ammonium　oxidation　(anammox)　immobilized　filler　reactors　(R1:　33　degrees　C-normal,　R2:　seasonal　temperature-normal,　R3:　seasonal　temperature-feast,　R4:　seasonal　temperature-starvation)　were　established　to　study　the　response　of　anammox　immobilized　fillers　to　seasonal　temperature　changes　and　different　operating　modes.　The　results　showed　that　the　anammox　immobilized　filler　could　better　adapt　to　the　seasonal　temperature　drop　and　maintain　the　activity　potential　by　adjusting　the　hydraulic　retention　time　(HRT).　During　the　temperature　rise　phase,　R2　activity　increased　rapidly　with　the　highest　nitrogen　removal　rate　reaching　1.26　kgN　center　dot(m3　center　dot　d)-1,　which　was　equivalent　to　control　sample　R1　(1.33　kgN　center　dot(m3　center　dot　d)-1).　However,　feasting　and　famine　conditions　severely　impaired　anammox　performance　and　changed　stoichiometric　ratios;　feasting,　in　particular,　significantly　lowered　the　nitrogen　removal　potential　of　R3.　The　specific　anammox　activity　of　R2,　R3　and　R4　was　92.2%,　52.6%　and　67.9%,　respectively,　that　of　R1,　respectively,　where　the　accumulation　of　functional　bacteria　was　the　reason　for　the　higher　activity　of　R2.　Degradation　kinetics　and　NO2--N　inhibition　curves　showed　that　R3　was　less　sensitive　to　high　concentrations　of　NH4+-N,　while　R4　responded　earlier　to　low　concentrations　of　NH4+-N,　and　the　reduction　of　IC50　at　low　temperature　was　the　reason　for　the　inhibition　of　R3　activity.　Furthermore,　seasonal　temperature　fluctuations　had　little　effect　on　the　microbial　community　structure　but　had　a　considerable　impact　on　bacteria　abundance.　The　anammox　functional　bacteria　Candidatus　Kuenenia　was　found　to　be　the　dominant　genus　in　R1-R4;　however,　the　relative　abundance　of　most　bacteria,　including　anammox　bacteria,　decreased　in　R3,　while　the　proportion　of　fermentation　bacteria　and　denitrifying　bacteria　increased　in　R4.　These　findings　highlight　the　necessity　of　rational　regulation　of　HRT　for　the　adaptation　of　anammox　immobilized　fillers　to　seasonal　temperature　changes,　which　could　enhance　our　understanding　of　the　synergistic　effect　of　seasonal　temperature　changes　and　different　operating　modes　on　nitrogen　removal.