The　bone　matrix　plays　an　indispensable　role　in　the　human　body,　and　its　unique　biomechanical　and　mechanobiological　properties　have　received　much　attention.　The　bone　matrix　has　unique　mechanical　anisotropy　and　exhibits　both　strong　toughness　and　high　strength.　These　mechanical　properties　are　closely　associated　with　human　life　activities　and　correspond　to　the　function　of　bone　in　the　human　body.　None　of　the　mechanical　properties　exhibited　by　the　bone　matrix　is　independent　of　its　composition　and　structure.　Studies　on　the　biomechanics　of　the　bone　matrix　can　provide　a　reference　for　the　preparation　of　more　applicable　bone　substitute　implants,　bone　biomimetic　materials　and　scaffolds　for　bone　tissue　repair　in　humans,　as　well　as　for　biomimetic　applications　in　other　fields.　In　providing　mechanical　support　to　the　human　body,　bone　is　constantly　exposed　to　mechanical　stimuli.　Through　the　study　of　the　mechanobiology　of　the　bone　matrix,　the　response　mechanism　of　the　bone　matrix　to　its　surrounding　mechanical　environment　can　be　elucidated　and　used　for　the　health　maintenance　of　bone　tissue　and　defect　regeneration.　This　paper　summarizes　the　biomechanical　properties　of　the　bone　matrix　and　their　biological　significance,　discusses　the　compositional　and　structural　basis　by　which　the　bone　matrix　is　capable　of　exhibiting　these　mechanical　properties,　and　studies　the　effects　of　mechanical　stimuli,　especially　fluid　shear　stress,　on　the　components　of　the　bone　matrix,　cells　and　their　interactions.　The　problems　that　occur　with　regard　to　the　biomechanics　and　mechanobiology　of　the　bone　matrix　and　the　corresponding　challenges　that　may　need　to　be　faced　in　the　future　are　also　described.