The　Belt　and　Road　Initiative,　proposed　by　the　Chinese　government　in　2013,　has　exerted　great　influence,　not　only　on　geopolitics　and　the　economy　but　also　on　scientific　research.　This　paper　investigates　the　relationship　between　scientific　collaboration　and　knowledge　production　of　the　countries　participating　in　the　Belt　and　Road　Initiative　project.　To　this　end,　we　used　314,678　co-authored　papers　and　6,226,577　paper　publications　in　these　countries　from　2009　to　2018　to　measure　scientific　collaboration　and　knowledge　production,　respectively.　Additionally,　we　selected　the　country＇s　economic　level,　the　number　of　specialized　disciplines,　and　political　stability　as　influencing　indicators.　Methodologically,　we　established　a　dynamic　panel　model　and　used　the　generalised　method　of　moments　to　empirically　analyze　the　relationship　between　the　two　and　the　influencing　factors.　The　results　reveal　that　the　scientific　collaboration　and　knowledge　production　of　the　countries　along　the　Belt　and　Road　Initiative　are　mutually　reinforcing　and　show　accumulative　effects.　The　number　of　specialized　disciplines　and　political　stability　are　major　influencing　factors　for　scientific　collaboration　and　knowledge　production.　Knowledge　production　can　facilitate　scientific　collaboration　by　increasing　number　of　specialized　disciplines,　economic　development　and　political　stability.　Scientific　collaboration　can　weaken　the　promotion　of　knowledge　production　in　a　similar　way,　exclusive　of　economic　development.