The　effect　of　the　modification　treatment　on　the　refinement　of　primary　carbides　and　wear　resistance　of　35%　Cr-4.0%　C　hypereutectic　high　chromium　cast　iron　(HHCCI)　was　investigated　using　the　first-principles　calculations,　XRD,　SEM,　TEM,　hardness　tests,　and　wear　tests.　The　addition　of　N　elements　to　HHCCI　refined　the　size　of　the　M7C3　primary　carbide　from　13.25　±　0.72　μm　to　11.67　±　0.33　μm　under　the　effect　of　adsorption　refinement.　When　the　compound　modification　elements　(N　+　Ti　+　V　+　RE-Mg)　were　added,　the　combination　of　adsorption　refinement　and　heterogeneous　nucleation　refinement　significantly　reduced　the　carbide　size　to　5.35　±　0.15　μm.　The　refinement　of　the　M7C3　primary　carbide　can　be　attributed　to　two　components:　1)　the　refinement　of　the　heterogeneous　nucleation　of　TiC　and　VC.　2)　the　combination　of　N,　Ti,　and　V　with　the　M7C3　preferred　growth　surface　(0001)　resulting　in　the　refinement　by　adsorption　and　reduce　the　size　of　the　primary　carbide.　The　hypereutectic　high　chromium　cast　iron　after　the　compound　modification　exhibited　excellent　wear　resistance.　Under　dry　sliding　wear　condition,　Compared　with　the　unmodified　sample,　the　wear　resistance　increased　by　75%.　Under　corrosive　wear　conditions,　the　wear　resistance　is　increased　by　98.1%.　©　2023　The　Author(s)