The　structural　integrity　of　traditional　Chinese　village　residences　may　be　compromised　due　to　inadequate　connections　between　the　timber　frame　and　infill　walls,　coupled　with　the　weak　cohesiveness　of　clay　mud.　Among　the　various　damage　mechanisms　resulting　from　earthquakes,　the　out-of-plane　collapse　of　infill　walls　is　a　recurrent　and　significant　concern.　The　goal　of　this　research　is　to　investigate　the　feasibility　and　effectiveness　of　a　polypropylene　(PP)　band　mesh　reinforcement　approach　for　a　traditional　timber　frame　with　mud　and　rubble　infill　walls.　The　ultimate　goals　are　to　prevent　out-of-plane　collapse,　improve　the　collaborative　performance　of　the　structure,　reduce　seismic　vulnerability,　and　safeguard　the　architectural　heritage　of　traditional　dwellings.　With　careful　consideration　of　their　aesthetics,　the　study　centers　on　timber　frames　with　mud　and　rubble　infill　walls　strengthened　by　a　polypropylene　(PP)　band　mesh　and　cement　mortar　on　one　side.　A　series　of　experiments　were　conducted　based　on　out-of-plane　cyclic　one-way　tests　of　four　full-scale　specimens.　Different　loading　surfaces　and　reinforcing　PP　grid　sizes　with　and　without　window　openings　were　investigated　to　characterize　the　out-of-plane　behavior　of　the　reinforced　hybrid　walls.　The　damage　evolution,　failure　modes,　force–displacement　curves,　out-of-plane　profile　characteristics,　stiffness,　strength,　and　energy　dissipation　were　described.　All　the　reinforced　walls　exhibited　marked　improvements　out-of-plane　lateral　capacity,　with　enhancements　of　approximately　120%　and　162%,　and　stiffness　increases　of　approximately　105%　and　200%,　compared　to　the　unreinforced　walls.　The　minimal　out-of-plane　displacement　observed　on　the　reinforcement　side　was　also　accompanied　by　significant　increase　in　integrity　and　ductility.　©　2023