Developing　new　types　of　rechargeable　batteries　with　high　energy　densities　and　low　cost　have　received　increasing　attentions,aiming　to　reduce　the　dependence　on　high-priced　lithium.Beyond　Li-ion　batteries,the　potential　alternatives　including　Na-ion　batteries,Li-S　batteries　and　Li-air　batteries　have　been　investigated　recently,which　are　required　to　be　viable　for　commercial　applications.From　this　point　of　view,to　understand　the　electrochemical　reaction　mechanisms　and　kinetics　of　these　batteries　has　become　the　key　challenge　to　make　breakthroughs　in　the　field　of　new　energy　storage.In　this　review,we　present　a　critical　overview　of　the　two　dimensional　nanomaterials-based　batteries　(except　Li-ion-based　batteries)　that　could　meet　such　demonds.To　develop　new　energy　storage　devices　with　more　promising　performances,the　microstructure　evolution　and　atomic　scale　storage　mechanism　of　these　batteries　are　comprehensively　summarized.In　addition,the　major　challenges　and　opportunities　of　advanced　characterization　techniques　are　finally　discussed.We　do　hope　that　this　review　will　give　the　readers　a　clear　and　profound　understanding　of　the　electrochemical　reaction　mechanisms　and　kinetics　of　the　as-discussed　batteries,thus　effectively　contributing　to　the　smart　design　of　future-generation　energy　storage　devices.