The　addition　of　nanoparticles　to　a　base　fluid　is　an　effective　strategy　to　achieve　a　higher　thermal　conductivity　of　a　fluid.　Usually,　previous　theoretical　investigations　are　focusing　on　spherical　particles,　but　most　real　nanoparticles　are　definitely　nonspherical　particles.　In　this　paper,　the　nanofluids　with　cylindrical　nanoparticles　was　studied,　by　which　the　thermal　conductivity　could　be　further　enhanced　in　contrast　with　a　nanofluid　with　spheres.　By　using　equilibrium　molecule　dynamics　(MD)　simulations,　the　thermal　conductivity　of　a　nanofluid　with　cylindrical　nanoparticles　was　investigated.　With　varying　height-diameter　ratio　of　the　cylindrical　nanoparticle　(from　disks　to　rods),　it　is　found　that　the　thermal　conductivity　of　the　nanofluid　decreases　with　the　height-diameter　ratio　prior　to　reaching　a　minimum　value,　and　increases　with　the　height-diameter　ratio　after　a　critical　height-diameter　ratio.　The　underlying　mechanism　of　the　enhanced　thermal　conductivity　was　investigated　based　on　the　calculation　of　the　solid-liquid　radial　distribution　function　(RDF)　and　diffusion　coefficient　of　the　nanofluids.　It　is　found　that　the　enhanced　RDF　results　in　the　enhanced　effect　of　the　solid-like　liquid　layer　around　the　nanoparticle,　which　in　turn　suppresses　the　solid-liquid　interfacial　thermal　resistance　and　also　increases　the　local　thermal　conductivity　of　the　liquid　around　the　nanoparticle.　Therefore,　the　thermal　conductivity　of　the　nanofluids　with　cylindrical　nanoparticles　can　be　enhanced.　The　results　obtained　in　the　present　work　are　helpful　for　understanding　the　influence　of　shape　of　nanoparticles　on　the　thermal　conductivity　of　nanofluid.　©　2023　Beijing　University　of　Technology.　All　rights　reserved.