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Author:

Zheng, F. (Zheng, F..) | Kiselev, N.S. (Kiselev, N.S..) | Rybakov, F.N. (Rybakov, F.N..) | Yang, L. (Yang, L..) | Shi, W. (Shi, W..) | Blügel, S. (Blügel, S..) | Dunin-Borkowski, R.E. (Dunin-Borkowski, R.E..)

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Scopus SCIE

Abstract:

Magnetic skyrmions and hopfions are topological solitons1—well-localized field configurations that have gained considerable attention over the past decade owing to their unique particle-like properties, which make them promising objects for spintronic applications. Skyrmions2,3 are two-dimensional solitons resembling vortex-like string structures that can penetrate an entire sample. Hopfions4–9 are three-dimensional solitons confined within a magnetic sample volume and can be considered as closed twisted skyrmion strings that take the shape of a ring in the simplest case. Despite extensive research on magnetic skyrmions, the direct observation of magnetic hopfions is challenging10 and has only been reported in a synthetic material11. Here we present direct observations of hopfions in crystals. In our experiment, we use transmission electron microscopy to observe hopfions forming coupled states with skyrmion strings in B20-type FeGe plates. We provide a protocol for nucleating such hopfion rings, which we verify using Lorentz imaging and electron holography. Our results are highly reproducible and in full agreement with micromagnetic simulations. We provide a unified skyrmion–hopfion homotopy classification and offer insight into the diversity of topological solitons in three-dimensional chiral magnets. © 2023, The Author(s).

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Author Community:

  • [ 1 ] [Zheng F.]Spin-X Institute, Electron Microscopy Center, School of Physics and Optoelectronics, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional Materials, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
  • [ 2 ] [Zheng F.]Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
  • [ 3 ] [Zheng F.]Peter Grünberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
  • [ 4 ] [Kiselev N.S.]Peter Grünberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
  • [ 5 ] [Kiselev N.S.]Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich and JARA, Jülich, Germany
  • [ 6 ] [Rybakov F.N.]Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
  • [ 7 ] [Yang L.]Institute of Microstructure and Properties of Advanced Materials, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
  • [ 8 ] [Shi W.]Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
  • [ 9 ] [Shi W.]Peter Grünberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
  • [ 10 ] [Blügel S.]Peter Grünberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
  • [ 11 ] [Blügel S.]Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich and JARA, Jülich, Germany
  • [ 12 ] [Dunin-Borkowski R.E.]Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
  • [ 13 ] [Dunin-Borkowski R.E.]Peter Grünberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany

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Source :

Nature

ISSN: 0028-0836

Year: 2023

Issue: 7988

Volume: 623

Page: 718-723

6 4 . 8 0 0

JCR@2022

Cited Count:

WoS CC Cited Count:

SCOPUS Cited Count: 54

ESI Highly Cited Papers on the List: 0 Unfold All

WanFang Cited Count:

Chinese Cited Count:

30 Days PV: 9

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