The　sustainability　of　the　lead　industry　is　threatened　by　pressures　from　resource　depletion,　slowing　economic　growth,　and　increasing　carbon　emissions.　Exploring　the　linkages　between　resource,　economy　and　carbon　to　promote　synergies　between　them　is　essential　to　achieving　sustainability.　This　study　constructed　a　complex　system　driven　by　resource,　economy,　and　carbon　by　utilizing　system　dynamics,　agent-based　model,　and　life　cycle　assessment,　and　further　developed　resource-economy‑carbon　nexus　model　to　evaluate　the　coordinated　sustainability　of　the　lead　industry.　The　results　show　that　due　to　the　impact　of　carbon　neutrality,　China＇s　lead　demand　will　rapidly　decline　after　reaching　a　peak　of　7.0　million　tonnes　in　2028.　The　widening　lead　supply-demand　gap　will　result　in　falling　lead　prices,　thus　lowering　the　economy　index.　Meanwhile,　the　decline　in　lead　demand　and　the　increase　in　the　proportion　of　secondary　lead　will　increase　the　resource　index　and　carbon　index.　Such　uneven　developments　between　resource,　economy,　and　carbon　will　constrain　rapid　growth　in　coordinated　sustainability,　which　is　expected　to　grow　weakly　after　2030.　To　improve　the　coordinated　sustainability　of　the　lead　industry,　we　suggest　advancing　the　substitution　of　lead-acid　batteries　as　soon　as　possible　before　2030,　fully　utilizing　the　advantages　of　low-intensity　substitution　after　2030,　and　introducing　a　carbon　tax　while　avoiding　high　taxation　rates　after　2040.　©　2024　Institution　of　Chemical　Engineers