In　the　global　effort　to　mitigate　air　pollution　and　combat　climate　change,　reducing　emissions　from　mobile　sources　is　crucial　for　addressing　PM2.5　and　O3　pollution　as　well　as　achieving　carbon　reduction　goals.　This　study　addresses　the　challenge　of　balancing　environmental　and　economic　objectives　within　the　constraints　of　pollution　control　and　carbon　peak　targets.　The　primary　aim　was　to　estimate　the　synergistic　effects　of　reducing　pollutants　and　carbon　emissions　while　understanding　the　nonlinear　responses　of　air　quality　to　these　reductions.　To　achieve　this,　a　nonlinear　optimization　model　was　developed　to　minimize　economic　costs　while　optimizing　mobile　source　pollutant　and　carbon　reduction.　Key　findings　include　that　upgrading　emission　standards　significantly　reduces　pollutants,　but　does　not　impact　CO2　levels　directly.　Conversely,　electrification　nearly　eliminates　pollutants　from　vehicles　and　achieves　an　18.3%　reduction　in　CO2　emissions　from　a　lifecycle　perspective.　The　study　quantifies　the　substantial　contribution　of　mobile　sources　to　PM2.5　(30.1%–50.6%)　and　O3　(42.9%–52.5%),　with　regional　variations　showing　even　higher　local　contributions.　The　optimized　control　scheme　is　projected　to　limit　CO2　emissions　increase　to　less　than　1.75%　by　2030,　while　reducing　PM2.5　and　O3　concentrations　by　46%–61%　and　21%–68%,　respectively.　These　emission　reduction　achievements　are　basically　in　line　with　the　regional　pollution　control　goals.　Economically,　fuel-saving　strategies　offer　significant　cost　benefits　and　synergistic　reductions　in　both　pollutants　and　carbon　emissions.　Effective　control　of　NOx,　a　key　precursor　to　PM2.5　and　O3,　is　essential,　especially　in　non-road　and　diesel　vehicles.　Adjustments　in　transportation　structure　also　provide　a　viable　reduction　strategy,　albeit　constrained　by　certain　regional　factors.　The　study　underscores　the　expanding　potential　of　technological　advancements　and　clean　power　supplies　to　enhance　pollutant　and　carbon　reduction　efforts,　contributing　to　future　carbon　neutrality　goals.　This　research　fills　a　gap　in　understanding　the　balance　between　economic　feasibility　and　environmental　impact,　offering　a　reference　for　developing　differentiated　management　strategies　and　planning　for　mobile　sources　under　carbon　peak　and　coordinated　pollution　control　objectives.　©　2024　Elsevier　Ltd