Rechargeable　batteries　have　been　indispensable　for　various　portable　devices,　electric　vehicles,　and　energy　storage　stations.　The　operation　of　rechargeable　batteries　at　low　temperatures　has　been　challenging　due　to　increasing　electrolyte　viscosity　and　rising　electrode　resistance,　which　lead　to　sluggish　ion　transfer　and　large　voltage　hysteresis.　Advanced　electrolyte　design　and　feasible　electrode　engineering　to　achieve　desirable　performance　at　low　temperatures　are　crucial　for　the　practical　application　of　rechargeable　batteries.　Herein,　the　failure　mechanism　of　the　batteries　at　low　temperature　is　discussed　in　detail　from　atomic　perspectives,　and　deep　insights　on　the　solvent-solvent,　solvent-ion,　and　ion-ion　interactions　in　the　electrolytes　at　low　temperatures　are　provided.　The　evolution　of　electrode　interfaces　is　discussed　in　detail.　The　electrochemical　reactions　of　the　electrodes　at　low　temperatures　are　elucidated,　and　the　approaches　to　accelerate　the　internal　ion　diffusion　kinetics　of　the　electrodes　are　highlighted.　This　review　aims　to　deepen　the　understanding　of　the　working　mechanism　of　low-temperature　batteries　at　the　atomic　scale　to　shed　light　on　the　future　development　of　low-temperature　rechargeable　batteries.　Low-temperature　performance　of　rechargeable　batteries　is　crucial　for　their　practical　applications.　This　review　comprehensively　reveals　the　challenges　and　solutions　for　low-temperature　aqueous　and　non-aqueous　rechargeable　batteries　from　an　atomic　perspective,　deep　insights　on　the　solvent-solvent,　solvent-ion,　and　ion-ion　interactions　in　the　electrolytes　are　provided,　recent　advances　in　the　rational　design　of　electrolytes,　interfaces,　and　electrodes　are　included.　image