The　number　of　bridges　in　China　is　increasing　year　by　year.　The　contradiction　between　the　declining　performance　of　bridge　structures　and　the　increasing　traffic　volume　in　China　is　becoming　increasingly　prominent,　causing　a　concentrated　upsurge　in　operation　and　maintenance　needs　during　the　service　life　of　the　bridges.　In　accordance　with　the　goal　and　vision　of　the　comprehensive　construction　of　the　Bridge　Structural　Health　Monitoring　(BSHM)　system,　the　study　of　bridge　cost-effectiveness　now　focuses　on　the　installation,　operation,　and　maintenance　costs　of　the　BSHM　system,　the　renovation　costs　of　bridge　structure　repair　and　maintenance,　and　the　benefits　of　the　BSHM　system　in　assisting　in　expansion　of　the　service　life　of　bridges.　In　this　study,　a　new　cost-effectiveness　framework　is　proposed　that　could　be　used　for　the　operation　and　maintenance　period.　The　cost-effectiveness　framework　is　constructed　from　five　perspectives:　installation,　operation,　and　maintenance　costs　of　the　BSHM　system;　repair　and　renovation　costs　during　the　operation　and　maintenance　period;　demolition　costs;　operation　benefits　during　the　operation　and　maintenance　period;　and　the　recovery　benefits.　The　difference　between　costs　and　benefits　is　calculated　to　evaluate　the　cost-effectiveness,　the　service　life,　and　the　structural　reliability　of　bridges,　in　order　to　provide　auxiliary　decision　making　for　bridges.　A　bridge　in　China　is　used　as　an　example;　the　difference　between　the　reliability　and　operation　of　the　bridge　and　the　maintenance　benefits　and　costs　corresponding　to　different　operating　times　is　calculated,　and　maintenance　decision　analysis　is　performed.　This　can　greatly　extend　the　service　time　of　the　bridge　without　major　repairs　when　the　bridge　reliability　meets　the　requirements.　Therefore,　the　BSHM　operation　and　maintenance　cost-effectiveness　framework　reduces　resource　waste,　reduces　operation　and　maintenance　costs,　and　maximizes　resource　utilization　and　benefits,　while　ensuring　the　safety　of　the　bridge　structure　and　extending　the　service　life　of　the　bridge.