Lithium-ion　batteries　are　widely　used　for　energy　conversion　and　storage,　but　they　suffer　from　significant　performance　and　safety　problems　due　to　overheating　and　thermal　runaway.　High　power　charging　and　discharging　puts　forward　higher　requirements　on　the　thermal　control　capability　of　lithium-ion　batteries.　Understanding　the　heat　transfer　mechanism　inside　lithium-ion　batteries　and　suppressing　thermal　runaway　are　core　issues　related　to　the　thermal　safety　of　lithium-ion　batteries.　This　work　summarizes　the　heat　transfer　process　between　batteries　and　the　multi-scale　heat　transfer　mechanisms　inside　a　single　battery.　Moreover,　this　article　analyzes　the　thermal　management　and　corresponding　heat　transfer　methods　of　lithium-ion　batteries.　Finally,　improving　battery　materials　and　structures,　optimizing　system　design　can　suppress　the　propagation　of　thermal　runaway　and　improve　battery　safety,　which　is　a　key　issue　in　the　design,　manufacturing,　and　service　of　lithium-ion　batteries.　This　article　emphasizes　the　key　role　of　heat　transfer　mechanism　and　thermal　runaway　suppression　in　maintaining　safe,　efficient,　and　stable　operation　of　lithium-ion　batteries.　Which　provide　new　ideas　and　directions　for　improving　the　thermal　safety　of　lithium-ion　batteries　and　large-sized　lithium-ion　battery　packs.