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The activation of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) using NaCl, gypsum, and quicklime frequently results in inadequate precursor aluminum phases, while high-carbon ferrochrome slag (HCFS), despite its aluminum richness, remains underutilized. This research addresses these challenges through the synergistic incorporation of HCFS into GGBFS-based geopolymers as an aluminum phase supplement. Optimized mix designs were tested for mortar strength to enhance binder properties, ensuring soundness and water stability. Hydration mechanisms were investigated using XRD, SEM-EDS, and TG-DTG. Key findings include: (1) HCFS sourced from Inner Mongolia complies with safety standards for leaching. Cr present in Kuzel's salt within hydration products suggests further reduction of HCFS's leaching toxicity; (2) The optimal mix achieved compressive strengths of 20.5 MPa, 28.9 MPa, 31.8 MPa, and 33.6 MPa at 3, 14, 28 and 60 days, respectively, surpassing Level II requirements for solid waste-based cementitious materials. Additionally, the geopolymer exhibited excellent soundness and achieved a high bend-press ratio of 0.30, and remarkable stability in freshwater and brine conditions; (3) The primary hydration mechanism involves aluminum phases reacting with Ca(OH)2 to form C-A-H, subsequently reacting with gypsum to generate AFt, promoting early strength. In alkaline environments, C-A-H reacts with NaCl to form Friedel's salt, which, at low Cl- concentrations, transitions to Kuzel's salt, ensuring longterm strength; (4) Partial replacement of GGBFS with HCFS enhances HCFS's valorization while reducing costs by 20.6 % compared to GGBFS-based geopolymers, with strength reaching 92.9 % of 32.5 slag cement while manufacturing cost is only 58.1 % of those slag cement, demonstrating engineering potential.
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CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
ISSN: 0950-0618
Year: 2025
Volume: 475
7 . 4 0 0
JCR@2022
Cited Count:
SCOPUS Cited Count:
ESI Highly Cited Papers on the List: 0 Unfold All
WanFang Cited Count:
Chinese Cited Count:
30 Days PV: 7
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