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学者姓名：李炎锋
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Abstract ：
This study revisits the coupling effects of tunnel ceiling temperature distribution caused by plume escapes from metro carriage doors during a fire. The impact of fire heat release rates on the ceiling temperature distribution under various door-opening scenarios was analysed by utilising the superposition principle. The concept of virtual fire sources was proposed to model the ceiling temperature distribution associated with plume outflows from carriage doors. The results indicate that the ceiling temperature distribution in a metro tunnel fire is primarily influenced by virtual fire sources generated by plumes escaping through multiple doors. The maximum ceiling temperature from a single virtual fire source was significantly lower than that of a real fire, and the temperature decay followed a double exponential function. The heat flow ratio for each door remained nearly constant for different fire heat release rates, and variations in heat flow with door positions were analysed. The incorporation of heat loss terms into the theoretical model improved the accuracy and quantification of heat loss coefficients. A predictive model for the ceiling temperature distribution caused by metro carriage fires was developed based on the superposition principle, with the predictions well aligning with the experimental results. This study enhances our understanding of the ceiling temperature distribution in multi-opening structures and guides scenarios involving multiple fire sources within tunnels.
Keyword ：
Ceiling temperature distribution Ceiling temperature distribution Metro fire Metro fire Superposition principle Superposition principle Tunnel Tunnel Multiple openings Multiple openings
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| GB/T 7714 | Su, Zhihe , Li, Yanfeng , Luo, Runzhou et al. Mechanism of spillage plumes from multiple openings on ceiling temperature distribution in metro tunnel fires based on superposition principle [J]. | TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY , 2025 , 158 . |
| MLA | Su, Zhihe et al. "Mechanism of spillage plumes from multiple openings on ceiling temperature distribution in metro tunnel fires based on superposition principle" . | TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY 158 (2025) . |
| APA | Su, Zhihe , Li, Yanfeng , Luo, Runzhou , Zhong, Hua , Li, Junmei , Geng, Zhihao et al. Mechanism of spillage plumes from multiple openings on ceiling temperature distribution in metro tunnel fires based on superposition principle . | TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY , 2025 , 158 . |
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Abstract ：
The spread of fires on the facades of high-rise buildings is highly influenced by atmospheric wind conditions, particularly in strong wind environments. A strong wind environment refers to the situation where the wind speed reaches level 6 or above, or the wind speed is between 10.8 m/s and 13.8 m/s. We conducted an in-depth study of the characteristics of flame spread on the facades of high-rise buildings under strong wind conditions. A nested coupling method based on WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) and CFD (computational fluid dynamics) software (Ansys Fluent 2021) was used. The mesoscale meteorological simulation software WRF was utilized to obtain regional airflow variation data within a radius of 2 km around the high-rise building. Subsequently, these data were coupled with the CFD software (Ansys Fluent 2021) to simulate and obtain realistic wind field data within a 400 m range around the building. Finally, these realistic wind field data were used for FDS (Fire Dynamics Simulator) fire simulations and model experiments to accurately replicate building fire scenarios under strong wind conditions. The results indicate that using grid nesting for boundary condition division would help to improve the accuracy of fire spread characteristics on the facades of high-rise buildings under strong wind conditions. For a high-rise building, both headwinds and tailwinds promote vertical and horizontal flame spread, with a more significant impact on vertical flame spread speed. Side winds enhance horizontal flame spread but inhibit vertical flame spread. These findings provide a reference for the effective design of fire protection systems for the facades of high-rise buildings.
Keyword ：
nested coupling nested coupling numerical simulation numerical simulation high-rise buildings high-rise buildings strong wind environment strong wind environment fire fire
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| GB/T 7714 | Yang, Shi , Li, Yanfeng , Su, Zhihe et al. Study on the Fire Spread Characteristics of High-Rise Building Facades Under Strong Wind Conditions Based on the Combination of WRF and CFD [J]. | APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL , 2025 , 15 (3) . |
| MLA | Yang, Shi et al. "Study on the Fire Spread Characteristics of High-Rise Building Facades Under Strong Wind Conditions Based on the Combination of WRF and CFD" . | APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 15 . 3 (2025) . |
| APA | Yang, Shi , Li, Yanfeng , Su, Zhihe , Li, Junmei . Study on the Fire Spread Characteristics of High-Rise Building Facades Under Strong Wind Conditions Based on the Combination of WRF and CFD . | APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL , 2025 , 15 (3) . |
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Abstract ：
In this research, the influence of confined space size on the temperature distribution characteristics of internal window plumes from well-ventilated compartment fires was studied. Theoretical analysis was firstly used to establish a mathematical model for the smoke after ejecting from the window in the space. The study considered fire heat release rate and vertical height as dependent variables. Numerical simulations and experimental methods were carried out to study the temperature variations. A critical distance L2 was obtained. Results show that when the space D between the vertical retaining wall and the building fa & ccedil;ade is greater than L2, the variation of D has little influence on radial temperature. Once D is less than L2, the radial temperature distribution inside the confined space will tend to be consistent, and the temperature in the confined space sharply increases as D decreases. In addition, a dimensionless model was derived to quantify the relationship between temperature rise and vertical height. The experimental and numerical simulation results were processed, which are in good agreement with the model. The study can provide a framework for managing building safety.
Keyword ：
confined space confined space temperature distribution temperature distribution window plume window plume well-ventilated compartment fires well-ventilated compartment fires
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| GB/T 7714 | Dong, Qiwei , Li, Yanfeng , Li, Junmei et al. The Influence of Confined Space Size on the Temperature Distribution Characteristics of Internal Window Plume from Well-Ventilated Compartment Fires [J]. | FIRE-SWITZERLAND , 2024 , 7 (5) . |
| MLA | Dong, Qiwei et al. "The Influence of Confined Space Size on the Temperature Distribution Characteristics of Internal Window Plume from Well-Ventilated Compartment Fires" . | FIRE-SWITZERLAND 7 . 5 (2024) . |
| APA | Dong, Qiwei , Li, Yanfeng , Li, Junmei , Xie, Fei , Xu, Desheng , Su, Zhihe . The Influence of Confined Space Size on the Temperature Distribution Characteristics of Internal Window Plume from Well-Ventilated Compartment Fires . | FIRE-SWITZERLAND , 2024 , 7 (5) . |
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Abstract ：
This study explores the impact of climate variability on the operation of sustainable ventilation systems in urban infrastructure, with a focus on smoke movement in metro stations under varied external climatic conditions. Smoke characteristics and ventilation strategies in an atrium-type metro station are investigated using numerical simulations. The simulations reveal the influence of external climate on smoke movement through the atrium and roof windows, with particular attention to outdoor temperature and wind velocity. The study designs different ventilation strategies for smoke control that incorporate meteorological data, evaluating smoke visibility, CO distribution, and smoke extraction efficiency. The findings indicate that under severe external climates of low temperatures and high wind velocities, smoke extraction from roof window outlets is challenging. The adverse effects of external climate decrease the natural smoke extraction efficiency, increase the CO concentration, and reduce the safe visibility area. However, improved ventilation measures, such as the platform make-up air system and roof mechanical extraction system, can significantly enhance smoke control performance and facilitate safe evacuation. The study also employs the NSGA-II multi-objective optimisation method to obtain optimal ventilation strategies for different climates, balancing three optimisation objectives of operating energy consumption, safe visibility area, and smoke extraction efficiency. The outcomes show that the recommended values of V-p are 20%-30 % (0 degrees C <= T-o <= 40 degrees C) and 40 % (-40 degrees C <= T-o<0 degrees C), v(r) are 0.3 (10 degrees C <= T-o <= 40 degrees C) and 0.4 (-40 degrees C <= T-o < -10 degrees C), and V-c are all lower than 4 %. As wind velocity increases, the recommended values need to be enhanced. This research contributes to sustainable urban development by offering a framework for managing public safety and energy efficiency in the context of climate variability.
Keyword ：
Ventilation system Ventilation system Climate change Climate change Energy consumption Energy consumption Fire safety Fire safety Multi-objective optimisation Multi-objective optimisation
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| GB/T 7714 | Xu, Desheng , Li, Yanfeng , Li, Jiaxin et al. Climate-adaptive fire smoke ventilation strategies for atrium-type metro stations: A NSGA-II multi-objective optimisation study [J]. | ENERGY , 2024 , 306 . |
| MLA | Xu, Desheng et al. "Climate-adaptive fire smoke ventilation strategies for atrium-type metro stations: A NSGA-II multi-objective optimisation study" . | ENERGY 306 (2024) . |
| APA | Xu, Desheng , Li, Yanfeng , Li, Jiaxin , Zhong, Hua , Li, Junmei , Huang, Youbo . Climate-adaptive fire smoke ventilation strategies for atrium-type metro stations: A NSGA-II multi-objective optimisation study . | ENERGY , 2024 , 306 . |
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Abstract ：
Asymmetrical V-shaped tunnels often appear in tunnels crossing the river or urban underground road tunnels. The smoke flow inside is affected by a lot of factors. A full understanding of the smoke flow in this kind of tunnel is the basis of the smoke control. In this study, the effects of slope composition and fire heat release rate (HRR) on the longitudinal induced airflow velocity, the smoke back-layering length at the small slope side, and the maximum ceiling temperature were studied by the numerical method. The results show that when the fire occurs at the slope change point of the V-shaped tunnel, the maximum ceiling temperature decreases with the increase in the slope of the large-slope side tunnel. The longitudinally induced velocity is primarily related to the slope of the large-slope side tunnel and the fire HRR. When the slope difference between the side tunnels or the slope of the large-slope side tunnel is large, the smoke in the small-slope side tunnel flows back toward the fire source after reaching its maximum dispersion distance and then reaches a quasi-steady state. The smoke back-layering length is mainly affected by the slope and length of the large-slope side tunnel. When the slope of the large-slope side tunnel is 9%, the induced airflow velocity from the small-slope side can prevent the spread of smoke. The empirical models of the smoke back-layering length and the longitudinal induced airflow velocity in the small-slope side tunnel are drawn, respectively, by the theoretical analysis and the numerical results. This study can provide technical support for the design and operation of smoke control systems in V-shaped tunnels.
Keyword ：
back-layering length back-layering length maximum ceiling temperature maximum ceiling temperature induced airflow velocity induced airflow velocity smoke spread smoke spread asymmetric V-shaped tunnel asymmetric V-shaped tunnel
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| GB/T 7714 | Tu, Dengkai , Li, Junmei , Li, Yanfeng et al. Numerical Study on the Influence of the Slope Composition of the Asymmetric V-Shaped Tunnel on Smoke Spread in Tunnel Fire [J]. | FIRE-SWITZERLAND , 2024 , 7 (10) . |
| MLA | Tu, Dengkai et al. "Numerical Study on the Influence of the Slope Composition of the Asymmetric V-Shaped Tunnel on Smoke Spread in Tunnel Fire" . | FIRE-SWITZERLAND 7 . 10 (2024) . |
| APA | Tu, Dengkai , Li, Junmei , Li, Yanfeng , Xu, Desheng . Numerical Study on the Influence of the Slope Composition of the Asymmetric V-Shaped Tunnel on Smoke Spread in Tunnel Fire . | FIRE-SWITZERLAND , 2024 , 7 (10) . |
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Abstract ：
Human breathing is crucial for studying indoor environments and human health. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is a key tool for simulating human respiration. To enhance the accuracy of CFD simulations and reduce computation time, a new simulation strategy for human respiration is proposed in this paper. The effects of steady versus unsteady boundary conditions on simulation results were examined. For the unsteady boundary, sinusoidal exhalation velocities and non-inhalation gas were assumed, while the steady boundary involved constant velocities during both exhalation and inhalation phases. The jet center trajectory under different boundary conditions was analyzed and compared with experimental data. Additionally, variations in pollutant dispersion near the mouth under the two boundary conditions were discussed. Furthermore, the paper compared the calculation accuracy, calculation time and memory occupied by a single turbulence model or switching flow character models in human respiration simulation. Differences in exhaled gas vorticity and jet penetration depth across different flow models were identified. Finally, combined with the non-iterative algorithm, the optimal strategy of human respiration simulation was proposed. Results show that under the comprehensive consideration of calculation accuracy, calculation time and memory occupancy, using sinusoidal expiratory boundary conditions combined with the PISO algorithm, with the RNG k-epsilon model during expiratory phase, and switching into the laminar flow during inspiratory phase, is the optimal strategy of simulating human breathing.
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| GB/T 7714 | Gao, Feng , Li, Yanfeng , Su, Zhihe et al. Optimal human respiratory simulation for exhaled gas based on CFD method [J]. | PLOS ONE , 2024 , 19 (11) . |
| MLA | Gao, Feng et al. "Optimal human respiratory simulation for exhaled gas based on CFD method" . | PLOS ONE 19 . 11 (2024) . |
| APA | Gao, Feng , Li, Yanfeng , Su, Zhihe , Wang, Chunlin , Wang, Haidong , Li, Junmei . Optimal human respiratory simulation for exhaled gas based on CFD method . | PLOS ONE , 2024 , 19 (11) . |
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Abstract ：
人字坡隧道较多地出现在山岭隧道和新建的城市交通隧道中,火灾时其内部烟气流动复杂,纵向通风时,对烟气实施有效控制困难.通过搭建1:20的人字坡隧道模型试验台,对火源位于变坡点时,非对称人字坡隧道内不同的坡度组成和不同火源功率作用下的临界风速进行了研究.研究结果表明:在小坡度侧实施纵向通风时,临界风速大于同一断面和火源功率作用下平直隧道内的临界风速,且临界风速随变坡点两侧坡度差的增加而增大;在大坡度侧施加纵向通风时,临界风速小于平直隧道内的临界风速,且临界风速随着坡度差的增大而减小.为了便于工程应用,综合模型试验结果,对平直隧道的临界风速模型进行了坡度修正,得到了可用于人字坡隧道的临界风速修正系数.
Keyword ：
纵向通风 纵向通风 人字坡隧道 人字坡隧道 模型试验 模型试验 临界风速 临界风速
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| GB/T 7714 | 郭志成 , 李俊梅 , 欧阳力 et al. 非对称人字坡隧道火灾纵向通风临界风速的试验研究 [J]. | 消防科学与技术 , 2024 , 43 (9) : 1253-1258 . |
| MLA | 郭志成 et al. "非对称人字坡隧道火灾纵向通风临界风速的试验研究" . | 消防科学与技术 43 . 9 (2024) : 1253-1258 . |
| APA | 郭志成 , 李俊梅 , 欧阳力 , 李炎锋 . 非对称人字坡隧道火灾纵向通风临界风速的试验研究 . | 消防科学与技术 , 2024 , 43 (9) , 1253-1258 . |
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Abstract ：
For an underground hydropower stations, understanding the heat and mass transfer behaviour of outdoor air flowing through ventilation tunnel can help improve the design of ventilation systems and reduce energy consumption. The aim of this paper is to investigate the influences of summer outdoor meteorological parameters on the tandem ventilation process and the designed parameter requirements in the main plant. A series of field tests and numerical simulations were conducted to determine the variations in outdoor air parameters passing through the ventilation tunnel. Theoretical analyses were developed to clarify the variations in air parameters through the ventilation process in i-d diagram. Results show that the outdoor meteorological temperature has the largest influence on heat transfer between the ventilation tunnel and airflow. The relative humidity in the air at the tunnel outlet could reach 90% under most conditions. The reasonable air supply area and the critical air supply temperature of the mechanical ventilation were determined. Once the outdoor air passes through the ventilation tunnel and the i-d diagram falls in air supply area II, the outlet air can be directly supplied to the main plant. For conditions that did not satisfy the mechanical air supply scheme, the measure of setting dehumidifiers at 200-250 m arranging intervals in the tunnel were proposed to improve the air humidity. Based on the meteorological parameters of typical climate zones in China, a reasonable air supply scheme for the main plant was determined. The results could technically guide the ventilation design of underground hydropower stations, which can help to enchance energy-efficient and low-carbon ventilation schemes.
Keyword ：
outdoor meteorology outdoor meteorology i-d diagram i-d diagram underground tunnel underground tunnel heat transfer heat transfer Ventilation scheme Ventilation scheme
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| GB/T 7714 | Xu, Desheng , Li, Yanfeng , Tian, Wei et al. A study of the correlation between summer outdoor meteorological parameters and hydropower station ventilation schemes [J]. | INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF VENTILATION , 2024 . |
| MLA | Xu, Desheng et al. "A study of the correlation between summer outdoor meteorological parameters and hydropower station ventilation schemes" . | INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF VENTILATION (2024) . |
| APA | Xu, Desheng , Li, Yanfeng , Tian, Wei , Chen, Chao , Yang, Xin , Zhong, Hua . A study of the correlation between summer outdoor meteorological parameters and hydropower station ventilation schemes . | INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF VENTILATION , 2024 . |
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Abstract ：
The smoke diffusion characteristics in an asymmetric V-shaped tunnel located at the slope change point were studied by experiments in a 1/20 small-scale tunnel. The influences of the slope composition of the V-shaped tunnel and fire heat release rate (fire HRR) on the fire-induced airflow velocity in the tunnel and maximum ceiling temperature rise were the focuses. The results show that due to the height difference between the two ports of the asymmetric tunnel, the resulting thermal pressure difference between the two sides of the tunnel drives the smoke to flow toward the large slope side and the inlet-induced airflow velocity increases with the increases in the slope difference and the HRR. The dimensionless inlet-induced airflow velocity v* is proportional to phi 10.525H*0.634 phi 1-0.223Q*0.288. The maximum ceiling temperature rise increases with the increase in the HRR and decreases with the slope differences between the two side tunnels. An empirical model of the dimensionless induced airflow speed and the maximum temperature rise was proposed.
Keyword ：
maximum ceiling temperature maximum ceiling temperature V-shaped tunnel V-shaped tunnel fire-induced airflow fire-induced airflow small-scale experiment small-scale experiment
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| GB/T 7714 | Dong, Qiwei , Li, Junmei , Li, Yanfeng et al. Experimental Study of the Influence of an Asymmetric Tunnel Structure on the Maximum Ceiling Temperature in a V-Shaped Tunnel Fire [J]. | FIRE-SWITZERLAND , 2024 , 7 (12) . |
| MLA | Dong, Qiwei et al. "Experimental Study of the Influence of an Asymmetric Tunnel Structure on the Maximum Ceiling Temperature in a V-Shaped Tunnel Fire" . | FIRE-SWITZERLAND 7 . 12 (2024) . |
| APA | Dong, Qiwei , Li, Junmei , Li, Yanfeng , Lu, Huimin , Zhao, Hengxuan . Experimental Study of the Influence of an Asymmetric Tunnel Structure on the Maximum Ceiling Temperature in a V-Shaped Tunnel Fire . | FIRE-SWITZERLAND , 2024 , 7 (12) . |
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Abstract ：
This study proposes a model for the quantitative evaluation of the life-cycle carbon footprints of large sporting events and the uncertainties related to them. The model was used to analyze the case of a mega sporting event in Beijing, China. First, the quantitative model for the evaluation of the carbon footprints of mega sporting events includes a preparation stage, a holding stage, and an end stage. These stages consider the energy and resources used for construction, operation, transportation, catering, and accommodation. Second, this study proposes a prediction model using model-based and simulation-based methods to address the difficulty of obtaining traffic activity. Third, a semi-quantitative method that combines a data quality indicator and stochastic simulation is adopted for the uncertainty analysis of mega sporting events. Finally, a case study is used to indicate that the preparation stage of a mega sporting event accounts for the highest CO2 emissions at 92.1%, followed by 7.5% in the holding stage and 0.4% in the end stage. The total life-cycle CO2 emissions of a sustainable scenario of a mega sporting event in Beijing amount to 205,080.3 t CO2e, and the per capita CO2 emissions during the event's holding stage amount to 0.26 t CO2e/person. The uncertainty in the input parameters is 0.0617, indicating that the uncertainty of the model is low, and the reliability of the results is high.
Keyword ：
life cycle life cycle mega sporting events mega sporting events carbon footprint carbon footprint environmental impact environmental impact uncertainty analysis uncertainty analysis
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| GB/T 7714 | Wang, Hongyan , Tian, Jibang , Li, Yanfeng et al. Study on Life-Cycle Carbon Footprints and an Uncertainty Analysis of Mega Sporting Events: An Analysis in China [J]. | BUILDINGS , 2024 , 14 (8) . |
| MLA | Wang, Hongyan et al. "Study on Life-Cycle Carbon Footprints and an Uncertainty Analysis of Mega Sporting Events: An Analysis in China" . | BUILDINGS 14 . 8 (2024) . |
| APA | Wang, Hongyan , Tian, Jibang , Li, Yanfeng , Wang, Yang , Lu, Yao , Zhang, Jianye et al. Study on Life-Cycle Carbon Footprints and an Uncertainty Analysis of Mega Sporting Events: An Analysis in China . | BUILDINGS , 2024 , 14 (8) . |
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