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Abstract ：
The setting of operational parameters plays a crucial role in enhancing the performance of solar-heat pump heating systems. However, these parameter settings are typically kept constant in practice, lacking effective dynamic adjustments to adapt to fluctuations in building demands, solar energy, and heat pump performance, subsequently resulting in low system efficiency. In this paper, we propose a novel day-ahead optimization control method using online simulation and a genetic algorithm to maximize solar energy utilization and heat pump efficiency while maintaining building thermal comfort. The simulation model was developed using Dymola and encapsulated as an Functional Mock-up (FMU) model, which is then utilized by the optimization program developed in Python for online simulation. The critical operational parameters, such as the solar collector startup temperature difference, the solar heating startup temperature difference, and the heat pump set temperature, can be optimized for the subsequent day according to weather forecasting. The effectiveness of this method was validated through simulation experiments on a solar-ground source heat pump heating system of a near-zeroenergy office building in Beijing, China. The results show that in the whole heating season, the solar energy utilization increased by 15.1 %, and the energy consumption decreased by 15.5 %. Therefore, this study offers a promising solution for solar-heat pump heating systems to enhance solar energy utilization and reduce energy consumption.
Keyword ：
Heat pump Heat pump Heating system Heating system Solar energy Solar energy Optimal control Optimal control Online simulation Online simulation
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| GB/T 7714 | Sun, Yuying , Song, Jianhang , Wang, Shuofeng et al. An online simulation-based collaborative optimization control method for solar thermal energy, heat pumps and building operations [J]. | RENEWABLE ENERGY , 2025 , 243 . |
| MLA | Sun, Yuying et al. "An online simulation-based collaborative optimization control method for solar thermal energy, heat pumps and building operations" . | RENEWABLE ENERGY 243 (2025) . |
| APA | Sun, Yuying , Song, Jianhang , Wang, Shuofeng , Wang, Wei , Li, Huai , Wei, Wenzhe et al. An online simulation-based collaborative optimization control method for solar thermal energy, heat pumps and building operations . | RENEWABLE ENERGY , 2025 , 243 . |
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Abstract ：
Evaluating the actual heating performance of Air Source Heat Pump units (ASHPs) is essential to guide the development and operation of ASHPs. The Equivalent Temperature Drop (ETD) method reported in previous studies provides a convenient way to evaluate the joint effect of ambient temperature and relative humidity. However, it ignores the impact of the configuration and operation of an ASHP on its frosting performance. To enhance the applicability of the ETD method to different ASHPs, this paper introduced the Characteristic Index for Configuration and Operation (CICO) to improve the ETD method. A Frosting loss correction coefficient (I was proposed to modify the ASHP performance prediction model, and regression relationships between (I and CICO were formulated based on experiments conducted on six ASHPs with 33 sets of different CICO. The CICO-based ETD method was then developed and validated by five additional ASHP units. The results show that the CICObased ETD method improved the accuracy of assessment on the heating performance of ASHPs with different CICO under frosting conditions, with a reduction in relative error of 2-11 % compared to the previous method. This study provides an convenient approach to give more precise guidance for the development and application of ASHPs.
Keyword ：
Air source heat pump Air source heat pump Equivalent temperature drop method Equivalent temperature drop method Operating performances Operating performances Characteristic index ( CICO ) Characteristic index ( CICO ) Prediction model Prediction model
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| GB/T 7714 | Li, Zikun , Sun, Yuying , Wang, Wei et al. An improved equivalent temperature drop method for evaluating the operating performances of ASHP units under frosting conditions considering their configuration and operation [J]. | ENERGY AND BUILDINGS , 2025 , 331 . |
| MLA | Li, Zikun et al. "An improved equivalent temperature drop method for evaluating the operating performances of ASHP units under frosting conditions considering their configuration and operation" . | ENERGY AND BUILDINGS 331 (2025) . |
| APA | Li, Zikun , Sun, Yuying , Wang, Wei , Wei, Wenzhe . An improved equivalent temperature drop method for evaluating the operating performances of ASHP units under frosting conditions considering their configuration and operation . | ENERGY AND BUILDINGS , 2025 , 331 . |
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Abstract ：
Effective utilization of building energy flexibility is essential for balancing the power grid and provides economic benefits for building owners. Active thermal energy storage systems (ATES) have significant load-shifting potential and can participate more directly and effectively in demand response (DR) as a typical flexibility load. Nevertheless, there is a lack of a generalized flexibility potential quantification method for ATES utilizing phase change materials. To address this gap, we propose a generalized ATES flexibility potential quantification method that incorporates the theoretical heat transfer performance model of ATES and flexibility assessment indicators, and conveniently quantifies the flexibility potential of ATES using easily obtainable parameters. Validation results indicate that the proposed method accurately quantifies the flexibility potential of ATES, with an MAPE consistently below 10 % and an average MAPE of 6.2 % across various conditions. The flexibility potential quantification results demonstrate that ATES exhibits significant flexibility potential for grid-interactive buildings, achieving a maximum flexibility power of 19.5 W/m2 and a flexibility capacity of 107.2 Wh/m2. Additionally, the generalization of the proposed method is validated using actual operational data from existing studies, with the average MAPE across various working conditions and parameter settings ranging from 6.5 % to 13.5 %. These findings provide valuable guidance for selecting ATES equipment and formulating DR control strategies.
Keyword ：
Demand response Demand response Active thermal energy storage Active thermal energy storage Flexibility potential quantification Flexibility potential quantification Grid-interactive efficient buildings Grid-interactive efficient buildings Building flexibility Building flexibility
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| GB/T 7714 | Fan, Pengdan , Wang, Dan , Sun, Yuying et al. A generalized flexibility potential quantification method of active thermal energy storage system for grid-interactive efficient buildings [J]. | JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE , 2025 , 117 . |
| MLA | Fan, Pengdan et al. "A generalized flexibility potential quantification method of active thermal energy storage system for grid-interactive efficient buildings" . | JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE 117 (2025) . |
| APA | Fan, Pengdan , Wang, Dan , Sun, Yuying , Wang, Wei . A generalized flexibility potential quantification method of active thermal energy storage system for grid-interactive efficient buildings . | JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE , 2025 , 117 . |
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Abstract ：
改善空气源热泵的抑霜性能对提升空气源热泵的供暖效果具有重要的意义，但由于缺少设计指导准则，热泵厂家无法通过压缩机、室外换热器和室外风机等核心部件的优化配置研发出抑霜型空气源热泵，导致现有空气源热泵整体抑霜性能差，实际供暖过程中结除霜问题严重，供暖效果严重偏离预期。为了量化不同核心部件配置下空气源热泵的抑霜性能，本文对来自不同厂家的8台不同本构配置的空气源热泵热水机进行了实验研究，通过分析抑霜性能与本构配置之间的关系，建立了以制热能力衰减5%运行时长为评价指标的抑霜性能预测模型，该模型可有效预测不同本构配置下空气源热泵热水机的抑霜性能，相对误差在10%之内，为热泵厂家研发抑霜型机组提供参考。
Keyword ：
抑霜性能 抑霜性能 本构配置 本构配置 空气源热泵 空气源热泵 预测模型 预测模型 结除霜 结除霜
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| GB/T 7714 | 张佳明 , 孙育英 , 魏文哲 et al. 空气源热泵热水机抑霜性能预测模型研究 [J]. | 建筑科学 , 2024 , 40 (02) : 49-55 . |
| MLA | 张佳明 et al. "空气源热泵热水机抑霜性能预测模型研究" . | 建筑科学 40 . 02 (2024) : 49-55 . |
| APA | 张佳明 , 孙育英 , 魏文哲 , 王伟 , 李子坤 . 空气源热泵热水机抑霜性能预测模型研究 . | 建筑科学 , 2024 , 40 (02) , 49-55 . |
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Abstract ：
Defrosting performance evaluation is an important aspect for pre-delivery inspection of air source heat pumps (ASHPs). According to GB/T 25127-2020 and ANSI/AHRI 550/590-2023, defrosting duration ratio (alpha) alpha ) should not exceed 20 % of the frosting-defrosting cycle. This value has remained unchanged for over 20 years. However, with the rapid iteration of defrosting technology, the alpha of new ASHPs has been decreased significantly. Hence, the applicability of this index value deserves to be deliberated. To solve this issue, a method for determining the optimal alpha was proposed firstly. Then, the alpha under different characteristic index ( CICO ) values at 2/1 degrees C and 2/0 degrees C were investigated at the optimal and original defrosting initiating time point ( t opt , t ori ), using twelve ASHPs from nine manufacturers. Results indicates the frosting duration (tf) t f ) is directly proportional to defrosting duration (tdf), t df ), at the same ambient air condition and CICO. . For Unit C, when t f is increased from 30.0 min to 60.0 min and 90.0 min at the CICO of 10.0 x 106, 6 , t df increases from 2.43 min to 3.20 min and 4.03 min at 2/1 degrees C, respectively. No matter at t opt nor t ori , the range of alpha is 1.4%-9.9 %. It is suggested that the 10 % is used as the new index for defrosting performance evaluation of ASHP.
Keyword ：
Characteristic index ( CICO ) Characteristic index ( CICO ) Defrosting Defrosting Optimal defrosting duration ratio Optimal defrosting duration ratio Air source heat pump Air source heat pump Frosting Frosting
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| GB/T 7714 | Li, Zhaoyang , Wei, Wenzhe , Wang, Wei et al. Determination of the defrosting duration ratio for defrosting performance evaluation of air source heat pump [J]. | JOURNAL OF BUILDING ENGINEERING , 2024 , 95 . |
| MLA | Li, Zhaoyang et al. "Determination of the defrosting duration ratio for defrosting performance evaluation of air source heat pump" . | JOURNAL OF BUILDING ENGINEERING 95 (2024) . |
| APA | Li, Zhaoyang , Wei, Wenzhe , Wang, Wei , Sun, Yuying , Wang, Shiquan , Tang, Rui et al. Determination of the defrosting duration ratio for defrosting performance evaluation of air source heat pump . | JOURNAL OF BUILDING ENGINEERING , 2024 , 95 . |
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Abstract ：
Accurate multi-energy load forecasting is prerequisite for achieving balance between supply and demand in building energy system. The continuous development of building flexibility control techniques has led to increased complexity and variability in characteristics of multi-energy flexibility loads under application of various building flexibility control strategies. Existing load forecasting methods lack the ability to recognize the flexibility features and face challenges in considering complex coupling relationships and variable characteristics of multi-energy flexibility loads. To address this gap, we propose a multi-energy flexibility load forecasting method, denoted as (BFFR-MTL-LSTM), which incorporates building flexibility feature recognition (BFFR) and multi-task learning (MTL) model utilizing Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) neural networks as the shared layer. A novel ToU-K-means method combining ToU with K-means algorithm is proposed firstly as BFFR technique to accurately recognize the flexibility features under various energy consumption patterns. The forecasting accuracy of proposed method is validated using actual operational data under various energy consumption patterns with average R2 of 0.973. Additionally, through comparisons with numerous existing models, the proposed method demonstrates a forecasting accuracy improvement ranging from 33 % to 47 %. This validation supports that the proposed method adeptly recognizes energy consumption patterns, resulting in more accurate forecasts of multi-energy flexibility loads.
Keyword ：
Building flexibility feature Building flexibility feature Long short-term memory Long short-term memory Multi-energy load forecasting Multi-energy load forecasting K -means clustering analysis K -means clustering analysis Multi-task learning Multi-task learning
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| GB/T 7714 | Fan, Pengdan , Wang, Dan , Wang, Wei et al. A novel multi-energy load forecasting method based on building flexibility feature recognition technology and multi-task learning model integrating LSTM [J]. | ENERGY , 2024 , 308 . |
| MLA | Fan, Pengdan et al. "A novel multi-energy load forecasting method based on building flexibility feature recognition technology and multi-task learning model integrating LSTM" . | ENERGY 308 (2024) . |
| APA | Fan, Pengdan , Wang, Dan , Wang, Wei , Zhang, Xiuyu , Sun, Yuying . A novel multi-energy load forecasting method based on building flexibility feature recognition technology and multi-task learning model integrating LSTM . | ENERGY , 2024 , 308 . |
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Abstract ：
The controllers of various forms and functions in HVAC system are essential for the efficient operation of the system. With the increasing intelligence level of HVAC equipment, the test of controllers has become more demanding, and traditional test methods cannot meet the current needs of controller test. To improve the efficiency of controller development, this paper proposes a virtual-reality combined controller test method to improve test efficiency and ensure the applicability of the test method. Firstly, a development method for a Virtual-Reality Combined Simulation Laboratory (VRCSL) for HVAC controller is presented. Secondly, a VRCSL is constructed using the fan coil system as an example. Finally, the applicability and economy of the VRCSL are analysis. The results show that the VRCSL can change equipment parameters arbitrarily based on equipment samples to complete more test tasks. Compared with actual laboratory test, the VRCSL has an energy-saving rate of 95.8%, and the VRCSL can adjust the test speed with the fastest speed of 30 times. The VRCSL can also apply meteorological data from multiple regions around the world, improving the comprehensiveness of test conditions. Therefore, the VRCSL can overcome the drawbacks of high energy consumption, low efficiency, and limited test conditions in actual laboratories, and greatly improve the test efficiency.
Keyword ：
HVAC system HVAC system controller test method controller test method combination of virtual and reality combination of virtual and reality test efficiency test efficiency simulation laboratory simulation laboratory
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| GB/T 7714 | Fan, Pengdan , Wang, Wei , Sun, Yuying et al. A General Controller Test Method of HVAC System Based on Combination of Virtual and Reality [J]. | 2024 7TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON RENEWABLE ENERGY AND POWER ENGINEERING, REPE 2024 , 2024 : 369-373 . |
| MLA | Fan, Pengdan et al. "A General Controller Test Method of HVAC System Based on Combination of Virtual and Reality" . | 2024 7TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON RENEWABLE ENERGY AND POWER ENGINEERING, REPE 2024 (2024) : 369-373 . |
| APA | Fan, Pengdan , Wang, Wei , Sun, Yuying , Yin, Qianzhou . A General Controller Test Method of HVAC System Based on Combination of Virtual and Reality . | 2024 7TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON RENEWABLE ENERGY AND POWER ENGINEERING, REPE 2024 , 2024 , 369-373 . |
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Abstract ：
为应对严重的水污染问题，污水排放标准越来越严格。污染物的深度去除，通常需要消耗大量的电能并经常性投加大量的化学药剂，这导致污水厂间接碳排放量巨大，环境效益降低，违背低碳可持续发展的原则。污水碳中和的达成可通过节能降耗、资源回收以及自身产能来实现。在能源紧缺，实现碳中和迫在眉睫的背景下，全面推进节能降耗技术的应用是最现实且有望短期实现的策略。脱氮是目前城市污水处理厂的关键任务，能耗占比大，本文即针对现有的污水脱氮途径和技术，从降低能源消耗以及实现资源回收两个方面出发，对能耗低、具有可持续性且具有应用前景的工艺进行总结。重点对厌氧氨氧化工艺（Anaerobic ammonium oxidation, Anammox），以及能实现能源回收的CANDO(Coupled aerobic-anoxic nitrous decomposition operation)工艺进行更为全面系统的综述，指出现有的技术问题和研究瓶颈，以期为污水脱氮技术的低碳发展及工程应用提供参考。
Keyword ：
污水 污水 可持续 可持续 碳中和 碳中和 厌氧氨氧化 厌氧氨氧化 脱氮 脱氮
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| GB/T 7714 | 王伟 , 王明刚 , 刘丽娜 et al. 面向碳中和的污水低能耗脱氮及氮回收技术探讨 [J]. | 水处理技术 , 2023 , 49 (04) : 1-6 . |
| MLA | 王伟 et al. "面向碳中和的污水低能耗脱氮及氮回收技术探讨" . | 水处理技术 49 . 04 (2023) : 1-6 . |
| APA | 王伟 , 王明刚 , 刘丽娜 , 张鑫 , 彭永臻 . 面向碳中和的污水低能耗脱氮及氮回收技术探讨 . | 水处理技术 , 2023 , 49 (04) , 1-6 . |
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Abstract ：
For variable speed (VS) space heating air source heat pump (ASHP) unit, its different operation speed combi-nations may significantly affect the frosting suppression and heating performances. However, currently there is no frosting suppression operation method for VS ASHP units, so that their frosting suppression ability using different speed combinations is not fully utilized. Therefore, a novel frosting suppression operation method based on the frosting suppression performance map for VS ASHPs has been proposed, and its development through experimental is reported in this paper. Firstly, a novel operation method to guide the frosting suppression operation for VS ASHPs is proposed. Secondly, an experimental setup with two VS experimental ASHP units, test conditions, and nine study cases are described. Thirdly, the speed combinations that led to different frosting suppression potentials but with the same output heating capacity were determined using the developed frosting suppression performance map, and comparative tests were carried out. It is shown that the use of the proposed novel frosting suppression operation method with the optimal coefficient of performance (COP), which can in-crease the total output heating capacity (Q) by 15% and the COP by 25%. The proposed novel operation method was straightforward and simple to implement, which could contribute to the further development of frosting suppression operation for ASHPs.
Keyword ：
Variable speed Variable speed Frosting suppression performance map Frosting suppression performance map Coefficient of performance Coefficient of performance Frosting suppression operation method Frosting suppression operation method Air source heat pump Air source heat pump
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| GB/T 7714 | Lin, Yao , Wang, Wei , Luo, Jianfei et al. A novel variable speed ASHP frosting suppression operation method based on the frosting suppression performance map [J]. | APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING , 2023 , 234 . |
| MLA | Lin, Yao et al. "A novel variable speed ASHP frosting suppression operation method based on the frosting suppression performance map" . | APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING 234 (2023) . |
| APA | Lin, Yao , Wang, Wei , Luo, Jianfei , Sun, Yuying , Deng, Shiming . A novel variable speed ASHP frosting suppression operation method based on the frosting suppression performance map . | APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING , 2023 , 234 . |
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Abstract ：
Defrosting operation is always used to solve its frosting problem at a high humidity environment for air source heat pump units (ASHPs), and at the end of defrosting operation, the residual melted frost may exist on the surface of outdoor coil and freeze into ice in sequent frosting. However, till now, as the residual melted frost icing environment is difficult to create, its quantitative influences on the heating performance of ASHPs is still unknown, especially at different icing levels. To resolve this issue, a control strategy was firstly proposed to make it possible for the residual melted frost to ice. Then, based on the control strategy, the effect of five different icing levels on operating performances of an ASHP unit were investigated. Results indicated that ice can promote the frost formation, and the operating performances of ASHP unit were significantly affected by different icing levels. When the percentage of iced outdoor coil surface was increased from 0% to 15% and 35%, the output heating capacity of ASHP unit was decreased by 11.2% and 23.8%, and meanwhile the COP of ASHP unit was decreased by 7.7% and 16.1%, respectively. The results can assist with the defrosting control optimization of practical products.
Keyword ：
Defrosting termination temperature Defrosting termination temperature Air source heat pump Air source heat pump Frosting Frosting Melted frost icing Melted frost icing Water retention Water retention
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| GB/T 7714 | Li, Zhaoyang , Wei, Wenzhe , Wang, Wei et al. Experimental study on the effects of melted frost icing on the operating performances of air source heat pump [J]. | APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING , 2023 , 238 . |
| MLA | Li, Zhaoyang et al. "Experimental study on the effects of melted frost icing on the operating performances of air source heat pump" . | APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING 238 (2023) . |
| APA | Li, Zhaoyang , Wei, Wenzhe , Wang, Wei , Sun, Yuying , Wang, Shiquan , Lin, Yao et al. Experimental study on the effects of melted frost icing on the operating performances of air source heat pump . | APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING , 2023 , 238 . |
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