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学者姓名：张楠
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Abstract ：
During the COVID-19 pandemic, Chinese universities implemented many interventions against SAR-CoV-2 transmission. Close contact is thought to be a major transmission route. However, the effect of university closure-related interventions on infection risk amongst students is still poorly understood. In July 2022, we conducted an online survey of 2,400 university students in Beijing and Shanghai. Combined with real human behaviours, we evaluated the infection risk via close contact during both periods of university closures and non-closures. During the non-closure period, undergraduate and postgraduate students spent the longest close contact time in classrooms and graduate student offices, averaging 1.9 h and 2.2 h, respectively. During university closures, students spent the longest close contact time in residences (dormitories and homes), reaching up to 2.8 h. Catering places and residences were the two main indoor environments for viral exposure via close contact. Viral exposure did not differ significantly by education background or gender (p > 0.05) but did by intervention levels in university or community (p < 0.05). The infection risk decreased by 30.0% for resident students and 63.6% for non-resident students during university closures. The findings could provide scientific support for intervention policy-making during public health emergencies such as COVID-19 pandemic.
Keyword ：
intervention intervention infection risk infection risk COVID-19 COVID-19 university closure university closure close contact close contact university student university student
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| GB/T 7714 | Miao, Doudou , Zhu, Min , Xu, Zhikang et al. University closures can reduce the risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses-2 transmission via close contact amongst Chinese students by over 60% [J]. | INDOOR AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT , 2024 . |
| MLA | Miao, Doudou et al. "University closures can reduce the risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses-2 transmission via close contact amongst Chinese students by over 60%" . | INDOOR AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT (2024) . |
| APA | Miao, Doudou , Zhu, Min , Xu, Zhikang , King, Marco-Felipe , Zhang, Nan . University closures can reduce the risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses-2 transmission via close contact amongst Chinese students by over 60% . | INDOOR AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT , 2024 . |
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Abstract ：
The global prevalence of infectious diseases has emerged as a significant challenge in recent years. Surface transmission is a potential transmission route of most gastrointestinal and respiratory infectious diseases, which is related to surface touch behaviors. Manual observation, the traditional method of surface touching data collection, is characterized by limited accuracy and high labor costs. In this work, we proposed a methodology based on machine learning technologies aimed at obtaining high-accuracy and low-labor-cost surface touch behavioral data by means of sensor-based contact data. The touch sensing device, primarily utilizing a film pressure sensor and Arduino board, is designed to automatically detect and collect surface contact data, encompassing pressure, duration and position. To make certain the surface touch behavior and to describe the behavioral data more accurately, six classification algorithms (e.g. Support Vector Machine and Random Forest) have been trained and tested on an experimentally available dataset containing more than 500 surface contacts. The classification results reported the accuracy of above 85% for all the six classifiers and indicated that Random Forest performed best in identifying surface touch behaviors, with 91.8% accuracy, 91.9% precision and 0.98 AUC. The study conclusively demonstrated the feasibility of identifying surface touch behaviors through film pressure sensor-based data, offering robust support for the calculation of viral load and exposure risk associated with surface transmission.
Keyword ：
random forest random forest surface transmission surface transmission touch behavior touch behavior film pressure sensor film pressure sensor infectious disease infectious disease
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| GB/T 7714 | Chang, Baotian , Zhang, Jianchao , Geng, Yingying et al. Machine learning enabled film pressure sensor to identify surface contacts: An application in surface transmission of infectious disease [J]. | BUILDING SIMULATION , 2024 , 17 (6) : 1023-1036 . |
| MLA | Chang, Baotian et al. "Machine learning enabled film pressure sensor to identify surface contacts: An application in surface transmission of infectious disease" . | BUILDING SIMULATION 17 . 6 (2024) : 1023-1036 . |
| APA | Chang, Baotian , Zhang, Jianchao , Geng, Yingying , Li, Jiarui , Miao, Doudou , Zhang, Nan . Machine learning enabled film pressure sensor to identify surface contacts: An application in surface transmission of infectious disease . | BUILDING SIMULATION , 2024 , 17 (6) , 1023-1036 . |
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Abstract ：
Background: Public transportation, particularly subway systems, is an essential component of many individuals' daily routines and may significantly influence the spread of infection. Objective: This study evaluated the risk of transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in subway carriages and the effectiveness of different interventions based on real travel behaviors in Beijing. Methods: Data on nearly 58 million smartcard swipes for subway rides were collected between April 12 and 18, 2017, before the pandemic, and between February 22 and 28, 2022, during the pandemic period. These smartcard-swipe data were used to analyze changes in local travel behavior due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the risk of infection posed by the Omicron variant, and the efficacy of diverse non-pharmaceutical interventions in subway systems. Results: Due to the pandemic, the number of passengers in close contact (interpersonal contact within 1.5 m) on the same carriage during both rush and non-rush hours decreased by 31.9% and 43.2% respectively, compared to pre-pandemic period. The Rt value (the expected number of secondary cases infected by an index case) during the weekdays was three times that of the weekend during the pandemic week. On weekdays during the pandemic, passengers faced a markedly elevated relative risk of infection when traveling during rush hours, which constituted 92.2% of the entire day. Peak-shifting travel could reduce 55.0% of infection risk during rush hour. For the Omicron variant characterized by high infectivity, virus transmission remained uncontrollable (Rt = 1.34), even when all passengers wore surgical masks. Transmission of Omicron variant could be controlled (Rt < 1) within subway systems if over 67.5% of passengers wore N95 respirators.
Keyword ：
Infectious disease transmission Infectious disease transmission Close contact Close contact Subway Subway Infection risk Infection risk Omicron Omicron Human behavior Human behavior
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| GB/T 7714 | Shang, Shujia , Zhang, Nan , Chen, Yanyan et al. Assessment of infection risk of Omicron variant in subways based on smartcard swipe data [J]. | JOURNAL OF TRANSPORT & HEALTH , 2024 , 38 . |
| MLA | Shang, Shujia et al. "Assessment of infection risk of Omicron variant in subways based on smartcard swipe data" . | JOURNAL OF TRANSPORT & HEALTH 38 (2024) . |
| APA | Shang, Shujia , Zhang, Nan , Chen, Yanyan , Hu, Tingrui , Zhuang, Linan , Yang, Xueze et al. Assessment of infection risk of Omicron variant in subways based on smartcard swipe data . | JOURNAL OF TRANSPORT & HEALTH , 2024 , 38 . |
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Abstract ：
Urban rail transit, a convenient and fast public transportation mode with rapid construction and development, occupies fewer land resources and accommodates large passenger volumes. However, thermal comfort should be given more attention. Stations above ground level experience poor thermal comfort on the platforms, especially in hot summers. This study combines field research with a simulation analysis to propose a strategy for improving thermal comfort on above-ground urban rail transit platforms. This study analyzed the effects of the skylight opening rate, side window opening rate, design of transparent maintenance structure shading, and the platform profile shape on the thermal comfort of above-ground stations using field research, comparative experiments, and a simulation analysis with the PHOENICS (Command Prompt) software. The results indicate that adding longitudinal sunshade louvers to the skylight of the station platform is a cost-effective method to reduce the average temperature and PMV value, thereby improving thermal comfort. Increasing the skylight opening rate can result in a temperature rise. Adjusting the opening rate of the side windows to 20% and adding sun-shading louvers can also significantly enhance the station's thermal comfort. Taking Wudaokou Station on Beijing Line 13 as an example, the simultaneous installation of additional longitudinal skylight shading and side window shading and increasing the side window opening rate to 20% on the platform resulted in a 2.6 degrees C decrease in the average temperature, a 4.7% increase in the average wind speed, and a 0.62 decrease in the PMV value, significantly enhancing thermal comfort for passengers. This study confirms that optimizing shading and ventilation systems can significantly reduce the platform temperature and improve passengers' thermal comfort. This study provides theoretical support and innovative methods for optimizing thermal environments in similar environments.
Keyword ：
ventilation ventilation shading shading rail transit rail transit thermal comfort thermal comfort above-ground stations above-ground stations
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| GB/T 7714 | Li, Xiangyu , Shi, Wenxi , Liu, Yixuan et al. Optimization Strategy for Thermal Comfort in Railway Stations above Ground Level in Beijing [J]. | BUILDINGS , 2024 , 14 (9) . |
| MLA | Li, Xiangyu et al. "Optimization Strategy for Thermal Comfort in Railway Stations above Ground Level in Beijing" . | BUILDINGS 14 . 9 (2024) . |
| APA | Li, Xiangyu , Shi, Wenxi , Liu, Yixuan , Zhang, Nan . Optimization Strategy for Thermal Comfort in Railway Stations above Ground Level in Beijing . | BUILDINGS , 2024 , 14 (9) . |
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Abstract ：
Since December 2019, the COVID-19 pandemic has rapidly disseminated globally, posing significant threats to the world. The dining spaces are high-risk indoor environments for the transmission of SARS-CoV-2, posing challenges for intervention and control. This study, based on surveillance videos from two COVID-19 outbreak cases in restaurants, obtained real data on human behaviors of close contact and surface touch. A respiratory infectious disease transmission model was developed, incorporating four transmission routes: short-range airborne, long-range airborne, fomite and large droplet. The results indicate that diners and staff spent 21.9 %-28.7 % and 17.5 %-27.8 % of their time on speaking, respectively, while spending 85.9 %-90.7 % and 83.4 %-87.6 % of their time on surface touching. The primary transmission routes were short-range (contributing 5.8 %-70.9 %) and long-range airborne (contributing 28.4 %-93.0 %), with fomite and large droplet routes contributing less than 12.0 %. Staff-only mask wearing reduced infection risk by 12.8 %-31.8 %. It is recommended that mandatory mask wearing for staff is necessary, while diners should wear masks as much as possible, and that the equivalent ventilation rate of clean fresh air is suggested to 30.0 m3/ (h center dot person). This study provides a scientific support to make non-pharmaceutical interventions in dinning spaces.
Keyword ：
COVID-19 COVID-19 Risk assessment Risk assessment Restaurant Restaurant Respiratory infectious disease Respiratory infectious disease Interventions Interventions
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| GB/T 7714 | Xu, Zhikang , Zhang, Haochen , Zhu, Min et al. Human behavior-based COVID-19 transmission in two dining spaces [J]. | JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS , 2024 , 480 . |
| MLA | Xu, Zhikang et al. "Human behavior-based COVID-19 transmission in two dining spaces" . | JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 480 (2024) . |
| APA | Xu, Zhikang , Zhang, Haochen , Zhu, Min , Ji, Ying , Xue, Peng , Xie, Jingchao et al. Human behavior-based COVID-19 transmission in two dining spaces . | JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS , 2024 , 480 . |
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Abstract ：
本发明提供了一种污水处理体系以及一种污水处理的方法，属于污水处理技术领域。本发明结合使用小球藻与自养脱氮活性污泥，克服了现有的菌藻共生污水处理系统效果有待改进的问题。本发明能够强化对污水的脱氮处理，而且该系统含有大量反硝化菌，可在夜间进行反硝化过程，实现对总氮浓度的控制。本发明采用的小球藻‑自养脱氮活性污泥的菌藻共生污水处理系统对SCOD的去除率可高达95.87％，对磷酸盐的去除率可达到91.11％，对氨氮的去除率可高达100％，同时出水总氮浓度可控制在12mg/L以下，处理后的污水可稳定达到国家一级A排放标准。
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| GB/T 7714 | 刘秀红 , 亓林雪 , 王梓恒 et al. 一种污水处理体系以及一种污水处理的方法 : CN202310194507.4[P]. | 2023-03-03 . |
| MLA | 刘秀红 et al. "一种污水处理体系以及一种污水处理的方法" : CN202310194507.4. | 2023-03-03 . |
| APA | 刘秀红 , 亓林雪 , 王梓恒 , 张楠 . 一种污水处理体系以及一种污水处理的方法 : CN202310194507.4. | 2023-03-03 . |
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Abstract ：
Many universities implemented closed-off management to prevent COVID-19 outbreaks. However, the effect that interventions implemented during the pandemic on students' learning and health is unclear. For this study, 2350 university students in Beijing and Shanghai completed an online survey about changes in their learning and their physical and mental health during school closures compared with non-closures. We then examined whether those changes were influenced by factors including city, gender, educational background, student residential type, and imposed interventions. The results showed that different interventions had little effect on non-residents' (housed off campus) learning and health during school closures (p > 0.05) and students who preferred in-person learning regressed more significantly in learning during school closures (p G 0.05). Graduates regressed more significantly than undergraduates (p G 0.001), and residents (housed on campus) more than non-residents in learning (p G 0.001). Students' stress levels were significantly higher (p G 0.001), especially among graduates and residents (p G 0.001), with the major stressors for university students being academic, economic, and interpersonal during school closures. Around 4/5 of students reported higher potential depression and 3/4 reported higher anxiety, with females being more likely than males (p G 0.001), graduates more likely than undergraduates (p G 0.001), and residents more likely than non-residents (p G 0.01) to be depressed and anxious. Also, males had more significant negative changes in their habits (smoking, drinking, exercise, and sedentariness) than females (p G 0.01). These results may benefit universities in helping provide evidence-based intervention policies during similar events.
Keyword ：
COVID-19 COVID-19 University students University students Health Health Learning Learning School closures School closures
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| GB/T 7714 | Miao, Doudou , Zhu, Min , Zhou, Zhihan et al. How school closures affected learning and the physical and mental health of Chinese university students during the COVID-19 pandemic? [J]. | BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT , 2023 , 242 . |
| MLA | Miao, Doudou et al. "How school closures affected learning and the physical and mental health of Chinese university students during the COVID-19 pandemic?" . | BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT 242 (2023) . |
| APA | Miao, Doudou , Zhu, Min , Zhou, Zhihan , Zhang, Nan . How school closures affected learning and the physical and mental health of Chinese university students during the COVID-19 pandemic? . | BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT , 2023 , 242 . |
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Abstract ：
Exploring the relative role of different indoor environments in respiratory infections transmission remains unclear, which is crucial for developing targeted nonpharmaceutical interventions. In this study, a total of 2,583,441 influenza-like illness cases tested from 2010 to 2017 in China were identified. An agent-based model was built and calibrated with the surveillance data, to assess the roles of 3 age groups (children <19 years, younger adults 19-60 years, older adults >60 years) and 4 types of indoor environments (home, schools, workplaces, and community areas) in influenza transmission by province with varying urbanization rates. When the urbanization rates increased from 35% to 90%, the proportion of children aged <19 years among influenza cases decreased from 76% to 45%. Additionally, we estimated that infections originating from children decreased from 95.1% (95% confidence interval (CI): 92.7, 97.5) to 59.3% (95% CI: 49.8, 68.7). Influenza transmission in schools decreased from 80.4% (95% CI: 76.5, 84.3) to 36.6% (95% CI: 20.6, 52.5), while transmission in the community increased from 2.4% (95% CI: 1.9, 2.8) to 45.4% (95% CI: 35.9, 54.8). With increasing urbanization rates, community areas and younger adults contributed more to infection transmission. These findings could help the development of targeted public health policies. This article is part of a Special Collection on Environmental Epidemiology.
Keyword ：
influenza influenza age group age group indoor environments indoor environments urbanization urbanization China China
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| GB/T 7714 | Lei, Hao , Zhang, Nan , Xiao, Shenglan et al. Relative Role of Age Groups and Indoor Environments in Influenza Transmission Under Different Urbanization Rates in China [J]. | AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY , 2023 , 193 (4) : 596-605 . |
| MLA | Lei, Hao et al. "Relative Role of Age Groups and Indoor Environments in Influenza Transmission Under Different Urbanization Rates in China" . | AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY 193 . 4 (2023) : 596-605 . |
| APA | Lei, Hao , Zhang, Nan , Xiao, Shenglan , Zhuang, Linan , Yang, Xueze , Chen, Tao et al. Relative Role of Age Groups and Indoor Environments in Influenza Transmission Under Different Urbanization Rates in China . | AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY , 2023 , 193 (4) , 596-605 . |
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Abstract ：
Classrooms are high-risk indoor environments, so analysis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission in classrooms is important for determining optimal interventions. Due to the absence of human behavior data, it is challenging to accurately determine virus exposure in classrooms. A wearable device for close contact behavior detection was developed, and we recorded >250,000 data points of close contact behaviors of students from grades 1 to 12. Combined with a survey on students' behaviors, we analyzed virus transmission in classrooms. Close contact rates for students were 37 +/- 11% during classes and 48 +/- 13% during breaks. Students in lower grades had higher close contact rates and virus transmission potential. The long-range airborne transmission route is dominant, accounting for 90 +/- 3.6% and 75 +/- 7.7% with and without mask wearing, respectively. During breaks, the short-range airborne route became more important, contributing 48 +/- 3.1% in grades 1 to 9 (without wearing masks). Ventilation alone cannot always meet the demands of COVID-19 control; 30 m(3)/h/person is suggested as the threshold outdoor air ventilation rate in a classroom. This study provides scientific support for COVID-19 prevention and control in classrooms, and our proposed human behavior detection and analysis methods offer a powerful tool to understand virus transmission characteristics and can be employed in various indoor environments.
Keyword ：
COVID-19 COVID-19 ventilation ventilation children health children health close contact behavior close contact behavior school pandemic prevention school pandemic prevention
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| GB/T 7714 | Guo, Yong , Dou, Zhiyang , Zhang, Nan et al. Student close contact behavior and COVID-19 transmission in China's classrooms [J]. | PNAS NEXUS , 2023 , 2 (5) . |
| MLA | Guo, Yong et al. "Student close contact behavior and COVID-19 transmission in China's classrooms" . | PNAS NEXUS 2 . 5 (2023) . |
| APA | Guo, Yong , Dou, Zhiyang , Zhang, Nan , Liu, Xiyue , Su, Boni , Li, Yuguo et al. Student close contact behavior and COVID-19 transmission in China's classrooms . | PNAS NEXUS , 2023 , 2 (5) . |
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Abstract ：
To quantify the risk of the transmission of respiratory infections in indoor environments, we systematically assessed exposure to talking-and breathing-generated respiratory droplets in a generic indoor environment using computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations. The flow field in the indoor environment was obtained with SST k-omega model and Lagrangian method was used to predict droplet trajectories, where droplet evaporation was considered. Droplets can be categorized into small droplets (initial size <= 30 mu m or <= 10 mu m as droplet nuclei), medium droplets (30-80 mu m) and large droplets (>100 mu m) according to the exposure characteristics. Droplets up to 100 mu m, particular the small ones, can contribute to both short-range and long-range airborne routes. For the face-to-face talking scenario, the intake fraction and deposition fractions of droplets on the face and facial mucosa of the susceptible were up to 4.96%, 2.14%, and 0.12%, respectively, indicating inhalation is the dominant route. The exposure risk from a talking infector decreases monotonically with the interpersonal dis-tance, while that of nasal-breathing generated droplets maintains a relatively stable level within 1.0 m. Keeping an angle of 15 degrees or above with the expiratory flow is efficient to reduce intake fractions to <0.37% for small droplets. Adjusting the orientation from face-to-face to face-to-back can reduce exposure to small droplets by approximately 88.0% during talking and 66.2% during breathing. A higher ventilation rate can reduce the risk of exposure to small droplets but may increase the risk of transmission via medium droplets by enhancing their evaporation rate. This study would serve as a fundamental research for epidemiologist, healthcare workers and the public in the purpose of infection control.
Keyword ：
Relative position Relative position Interpersonal distance Interpersonal distance Close contact Close contact Respiratory droplets Respiratory droplets COVID-19 COVID-19 Airborne route Airborne route
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| GB/T 7714 | Wei, Jianjian , Wang, Lei , Jin, Tao et al. Effects of occupant behavior and ventilation on exposure to respiratory droplets in the indoor environment [J]. | BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT , 2023 , 229 . |
| MLA | Wei, Jianjian et al. "Effects of occupant behavior and ventilation on exposure to respiratory droplets in the indoor environment" . | BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT 229 (2023) . |
| APA | Wei, Jianjian , Wang, Lei , Jin, Tao , Li, Yuguo , Zhang, Nan . Effects of occupant behavior and ventilation on exposure to respiratory droplets in the indoor environment . | BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT , 2023 , 229 . |
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