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学者姓名：张楠
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Abstract ：
With the increase demand on electricity for urban residential living, compounded by factors such as frequent extreme weather events, residential electricity demand has significantly risen. This study did the investigation on building energy consumption habits of residents in Beijing urban areas, combined with real residential electricity bills acquired through State Grid Corporation of China, to explore the energy usage patterns and influence factors. By questionnaire statistics, households were divided into 6 categories and the electrical appliances usage characteristics and energy consumption levels were analyzed. The research identified urban residents' living habits and electricity usage, revealing significant quantitative relationship among electricity consumption, family structure, economic level and so on with principal component analysis (PCA). The analysis of household electricity consumption showed that households simultaneously including workers, school students, and people who usually stay in homes (e.g. retired, unemployed) had the highest average annual energy consumption at 4226 kWh/household, which was 1134-1625 kWh/household higher than homes without members staying in during office hours. The combination of air conditioners (ACs) and electric fans is found to be commonly used in residential buildings, and this method is highly effective in energy conservation. Additionally, it is indicated that 46.5 % of residents were willing to participate in the strategy of flexible energy use. Amidst the comprehensive electrification trend in buildings, this study is of great significance for energy conservation, emission reduction, and demand-side management.
Keyword ：
Residential building Residential building Household appliances Household appliances Electricity bill Electricity bill Energy usage patterns Energy usage patterns PCA PCA
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| GB/T 7714 | Ji, Ying , Lu, Qianwen , Niu, Menghan et al. Research on the characteristics and influence factors of residential building energy usage patterns: A case study in Beijing [J]. | ENERGY FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT , 2025 , 85 . |
| MLA | Ji, Ying et al. "Research on the characteristics and influence factors of residential building energy usage patterns: A case study in Beijing" . | ENERGY FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 85 (2025) . |
| APA | Ji, Ying , Lu, Qianwen , Niu, Menghan , Zhang, Nan , Xie, Jingchao . Research on the characteristics and influence factors of residential building energy usage patterns: A case study in Beijing . | ENERGY FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT , 2025 , 85 . |
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Abstract ：
Although natural ventilation can effectively control the indoor air quality and thermal comfort, the single-sided natural ventilation in isolation hotels may lead to the transmission of virus-laden aerosols between windows on the same fa & ccedil;ade but on different floors near the pollution source. Hereinafter, this kind of transmission is referred to as inter-flat transmission. The configuration of the building fa & ccedil;ade is a key factor influencing this risk. This study took into account various fa & ccedil;ade attachment scenarios including flat fa & ccedil;ades (with no attachments), outdoor units only, awnings only, and a combination of outdoor units and awnings. A model based on a real isolation hotel was developed, and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were carried out to investigate the inter-flat transmission of aerosols under these fa & ccedil;ade conditions. The study analyzed the risk of gaseous pollutant transmission caused by single-sided natural ventilation and quantified the effects of different outdoor wind speeds and indoor-outdoor temperature differences on this transmission route. When the indoor-outdoor temperature difference was 5 degrees C, the mass fraction of gaseous pollutants in the receptor rooms above the source first increased and then decreased as the outdoor wind speed increased, reaching a peak at 1 m/s. When the outdoor wind speed was 2 m/s, the mass fraction of pollutants in the receptor rooms increased with the increase in the indoor-outdoor temperature difference. Compared with the flat fa & ccedil;ade, the presence of outdoor units reduced the air exchange rate of natural ventilation, resulting in a slight increase in the infection risk. A 1 m-long awning reduced the infection risk associated with inter-flat transmission by 46%. Buildings equipped with both a 1 m-long awning and outdoor units achieved a 68% reduction in infection risk. These findings provide valuable insights for mitigating inter-flat transmission and inform the development of relevant policies.
Keyword ：
ventilation ventilation isolation hotel isolation hotel inter-flat transmission inter-flat transmission fa & ccedil;ade attachment fa & ccedil;ade attachment airborne transmission airborne transmission
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| GB/T 7714 | Zhang, Nan , Li, Yuze , Ji, Ying et al. The Effect of the Isolation Hotel Facade Attachment on the Inter-Flat Transmission of Aerosols [J]. | BUILDINGS , 2025 , 15 (5) . |
| MLA | Zhang, Nan et al. "The Effect of the Isolation Hotel Facade Attachment on the Inter-Flat Transmission of Aerosols" . | BUILDINGS 15 . 5 (2025) . |
| APA | Zhang, Nan , Li, Yuze , Ji, Ying , Li, Xiangyu . The Effect of the Isolation Hotel Facade Attachment on the Inter-Flat Transmission of Aerosols . | BUILDINGS , 2025 , 15 (5) . |
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Abstract ：
The global prevalence of infectious diseases has emerged as a significant challenge in recent years. Surface transmission is a potential transmission route of most gastrointestinal and respiratory infectious diseases, which is related to surface touch behaviors. Manual observation, the traditional method of surface touching data collection, is characterized by limited accuracy and high labor costs. In this work, we proposed a methodology based on machine learning technologies aimed at obtaining high-accuracy and low-labor-cost surface touch behavioral data by means of sensor-based contact data. The touch sensing device, primarily utilizing a film pressure sensor and Arduino board, is designed to automatically detect and collect surface contact data, encompassing pressure, duration and position. To make certain the surface touch behavior and to describe the behavioral data more accurately, six classification algorithms (e.g. Support Vector Machine and Random Forest) have been trained and tested on an experimentally available dataset containing more than 500 surface contacts. The classification results reported the accuracy of above 85% for all the six classifiers and indicated that Random Forest performed best in identifying surface touch behaviors, with 91.8% accuracy, 91.9% precision and 0.98 AUC. The study conclusively demonstrated the feasibility of identifying surface touch behaviors through film pressure sensor-based data, offering robust support for the calculation of viral load and exposure risk associated with surface transmission.
Keyword ：
random forest random forest surface transmission surface transmission touch behavior touch behavior film pressure sensor film pressure sensor infectious disease infectious disease
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| GB/T 7714 | Chang, Baotian , Zhang, Jianchao , Geng, Yingying et al. Machine learning enabled film pressure sensor to identify surface contacts: An application in surface transmission of infectious disease [J]. | BUILDING SIMULATION , 2024 , 17 (6) : 1023-1036 . |
| MLA | Chang, Baotian et al. "Machine learning enabled film pressure sensor to identify surface contacts: An application in surface transmission of infectious disease" . | BUILDING SIMULATION 17 . 6 (2024) : 1023-1036 . |
| APA | Chang, Baotian , Zhang, Jianchao , Geng, Yingying , Li, Jiarui , Miao, Doudou , Zhang, Nan . Machine learning enabled film pressure sensor to identify surface contacts: An application in surface transmission of infectious disease . | BUILDING SIMULATION , 2024 , 17 (6) , 1023-1036 . |
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Urban rail transit, a convenient and fast public transportation mode with rapid construction and development, occupies fewer land resources and accommodates large passenger volumes. However, thermal comfort should be given more attention. Stations above ground level experience poor thermal comfort on the platforms, especially in hot summers. This study combines field research with a simulation analysis to propose a strategy for improving thermal comfort on above-ground urban rail transit platforms. This study analyzed the effects of the skylight opening rate, side window opening rate, design of transparent maintenance structure shading, and the platform profile shape on the thermal comfort of above-ground stations using field research, comparative experiments, and a simulation analysis with the PHOENICS (Command Prompt) software. The results indicate that adding longitudinal sunshade louvers to the skylight of the station platform is a cost-effective method to reduce the average temperature and PMV value, thereby improving thermal comfort. Increasing the skylight opening rate can result in a temperature rise. Adjusting the opening rate of the side windows to 20% and adding sun-shading louvers can also significantly enhance the station's thermal comfort. Taking Wudaokou Station on Beijing Line 13 as an example, the simultaneous installation of additional longitudinal skylight shading and side window shading and increasing the side window opening rate to 20% on the platform resulted in a 2.6 degrees C decrease in the average temperature, a 4.7% increase in the average wind speed, and a 0.62 decrease in the PMV value, significantly enhancing thermal comfort for passengers. This study confirms that optimizing shading and ventilation systems can significantly reduce the platform temperature and improve passengers' thermal comfort. This study provides theoretical support and innovative methods for optimizing thermal environments in similar environments.
Keyword ：
ventilation ventilation shading shading rail transit rail transit thermal comfort thermal comfort above-ground stations above-ground stations
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| GB/T 7714 | Li, Xiangyu , Shi, Wenxi , Liu, Yixuan et al. Optimization Strategy for Thermal Comfort in Railway Stations above Ground Level in Beijing [J]. | BUILDINGS , 2024 , 14 (9) . |
| MLA | Li, Xiangyu et al. "Optimization Strategy for Thermal Comfort in Railway Stations above Ground Level in Beijing" . | BUILDINGS 14 . 9 (2024) . |
| APA | Li, Xiangyu , Shi, Wenxi , Liu, Yixuan , Zhang, Nan . Optimization Strategy for Thermal Comfort in Railway Stations above Ground Level in Beijing . | BUILDINGS , 2024 , 14 (9) . |
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Abstract ：
Background: Public transportation, particularly subway systems, is an essential component of many individuals' daily routines and may significantly influence the spread of infection. Objective: This study evaluated the risk of transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in subway carriages and the effectiveness of different interventions based on real travel behaviors in Beijing. Methods: Data on nearly 58 million smartcard swipes for subway rides were collected between April 12 and 18, 2017, before the pandemic, and between February 22 and 28, 2022, during the pandemic period. These smartcard-swipe data were used to analyze changes in local travel behavior due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the risk of infection posed by the Omicron variant, and the efficacy of diverse non-pharmaceutical interventions in subway systems. Results: Due to the pandemic, the number of passengers in close contact (interpersonal contact within 1.5 m) on the same carriage during both rush and non-rush hours decreased by 31.9% and 43.2% respectively, compared to pre-pandemic period. The Rt value (the expected number of secondary cases infected by an index case) during the weekdays was three times that of the weekend during the pandemic week. On weekdays during the pandemic, passengers faced a markedly elevated relative risk of infection when traveling during rush hours, which constituted 92.2% of the entire day. Peak-shifting travel could reduce 55.0% of infection risk during rush hour. For the Omicron variant characterized by high infectivity, virus transmission remained uncontrollable (Rt = 1.34), even when all passengers wore surgical masks. Transmission of Omicron variant could be controlled (Rt < 1) within subway systems if over 67.5% of passengers wore N95 respirators.
Keyword ：
Infectious disease transmission Infectious disease transmission Close contact Close contact Subway Subway Infection risk Infection risk Omicron Omicron Human behavior Human behavior
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| GB/T 7714 | Shang, Shujia , Zhang, Nan , Chen, Yanyan et al. Assessment of infection risk of Omicron variant in subways based on smartcard swipe data [J]. | JOURNAL OF TRANSPORT & HEALTH , 2024 , 38 . |
| MLA | Shang, Shujia et al. "Assessment of infection risk of Omicron variant in subways based on smartcard swipe data" . | JOURNAL OF TRANSPORT & HEALTH 38 (2024) . |
| APA | Shang, Shujia , Zhang, Nan , Chen, Yanyan , Hu, Tingrui , Zhuang, Linan , Yang, Xueze et al. Assessment of infection risk of Omicron variant in subways based on smartcard swipe data . | JOURNAL OF TRANSPORT & HEALTH , 2024 , 38 . |
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Abstract ：
During the COVID-19 pandemic, Chinese universities implemented many interventions against SAR-CoV-2 transmission. Close contact is thought to be a major transmission route. However, the effect of university closure-related interventions on infection risk amongst students is still poorly understood. In July 2022, we conducted an online survey of 2,400 university students in Beijing and Shanghai. Combined with real human behaviours, we evaluated the infection risk via close contact during both periods of university closures and non-closures. During the non-closure period, undergraduate and postgraduate students spent the longest close contact time in classrooms and graduate student offices, averaging 1.9 h and 2.2 h, respectively. During university closures, students spent the longest close contact time in residences (dormitories and homes), reaching up to 2.8 h. Catering places and residences were the two main indoor environments for viral exposure via close contact. Viral exposure did not differ significantly by education background or gender (p > 0.05) but did by intervention levels in university or community (p < 0.05). The infection risk decreased by 30.0% for resident students and 63.6% for non-resident students during university closures. The findings could provide scientific support for intervention policy-making during public health emergencies such as COVID-19 pandemic.
Keyword ：
intervention intervention infection risk infection risk COVID-19 COVID-19 university closure university closure close contact close contact university student university student
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| GB/T 7714 | Miao, Doudou , Zhu, Min , Xu, Zhikang et al. University closures can reduce the risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses-2 transmission via close contact amongst Chinese students by over 60% [J]. | INDOOR AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT , 2024 , 33 (10) : 1988-2002 . |
| MLA | Miao, Doudou et al. "University closures can reduce the risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses-2 transmission via close contact amongst Chinese students by over 60%" . | INDOOR AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT 33 . 10 (2024) : 1988-2002 . |
| APA | Miao, Doudou , Zhu, Min , Xu, Zhikang , King, Marco-Felipe , Zhang, Nan . University closures can reduce the risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses-2 transmission via close contact amongst Chinese students by over 60% . | INDOOR AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT , 2024 , 33 (10) , 1988-2002 . |
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Abstract ：
Since December 2019, the COVID-19 pandemic has rapidly disseminated globally, posing significant threats to the world. The dining spaces are high-risk indoor environments for the transmission of SARS-CoV-2, posing challenges for intervention and control. This study, based on surveillance videos from two COVID-19 outbreak cases in restaurants, obtained real data on human behaviors of close contact and surface touch. A respiratory infectious disease transmission model was developed, incorporating four transmission routes: short-range airborne, long-range airborne, fomite and large droplet. The results indicate that diners and staff spent 21.9 %-28.7 % and 17.5 %-27.8 % of their time on speaking, respectively, while spending 85.9 %-90.7 % and 83.4 %-87.6 % of their time on surface touching. The primary transmission routes were short-range (contributing 5.8 %-70.9 %) and long-range airborne (contributing 28.4 %-93.0 %), with fomite and large droplet routes contributing less than 12.0 %. Staff-only mask wearing reduced infection risk by 12.8 %-31.8 %. It is recommended that mandatory mask wearing for staff is necessary, while diners should wear masks as much as possible, and that the equivalent ventilation rate of clean fresh air is suggested to 30.0 m3/ (h center dot person). This study provides a scientific support to make non-pharmaceutical interventions in dinning spaces.
Keyword ：
COVID-19 COVID-19 Risk assessment Risk assessment Restaurant Restaurant Respiratory infectious disease Respiratory infectious disease Interventions Interventions
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| GB/T 7714 | Xu, Zhikang , Zhang, Haochen , Zhu, Min et al. Human behavior-based COVID-19 transmission in two dining spaces [J]. | JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS , 2024 , 480 . |
| MLA | Xu, Zhikang et al. "Human behavior-based COVID-19 transmission in two dining spaces" . | JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 480 (2024) . |
| APA | Xu, Zhikang , Zhang, Haochen , Zhu, Min , Ji, Ying , Xue, Peng , Xie, Jingchao et al. Human behavior-based COVID-19 transmission in two dining spaces . | JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS , 2024 , 480 . |
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The mature theory of safety assessment and system operation is crucial to ensure the safety and property of commuters under the tunnel fire condition, but the relationship between pollutants and the quality of the luminous environment is still the weakest link in this research area. To establish this close relation, this study adopted three different scaled experiments to investigate the pollutant-visibility model based on spectral analysis. The first scaled tunnel model fire experiment, conducted on a 20.5-m-long experimental platform, utilized three combustion sources to analyze the light attenuation of natural gas, PVC-insulated cables, and smoke cakes based on the APE index. Then the spectrum selective contrast experiment collected several typical spectral data from coloured transparent panels, and the compared results advocated that there is no much different impact on luminous environment with these combustion sources under smoky conditions. At last, the acrylic box pollutant experiment was conducted with different CO/NO2 concentrations, and the results provided quantitative relationship between the light average attenuation rate and CO/NO2 concentrations. The findings of this study could be able to further establish the connection between pollutants and safety evacuation, as well as ventilation and luminous environment by combining the relatively mature research of tunnel fire.
Keyword ：
pollutant pollutant fire fire spectral information spectral information visibility visibility tunnel tunnel
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| GB/T 7714 | Quan, Yani , Xue, Peng , Chen, Junwei et al. Experimental Investigation of Pollutant-Luminous Environment Relation Under Tunnel Fire Condition Based on Spectral Analysis [J]. | SUSTAINABILITY , 2024 , 16 (24) . |
| MLA | Quan, Yani et al. "Experimental Investigation of Pollutant-Luminous Environment Relation Under Tunnel Fire Condition Based on Spectral Analysis" . | SUSTAINABILITY 16 . 24 (2024) . |
| APA | Quan, Yani , Xue, Peng , Chen, Junwei , Wang, Shaofeng , Zhang, Yuwei , Ni, Zhikai et al. Experimental Investigation of Pollutant-Luminous Environment Relation Under Tunnel Fire Condition Based on Spectral Analysis . | SUSTAINABILITY , 2024 , 16 (24) . |
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Abstract ：
To quantify the risk of the transmission of respiratory infections in indoor environments, we systematically assessed exposure to talking-and breathing-generated respiratory droplets in a generic indoor environment using computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations. The flow field in the indoor environment was obtained with SST k-omega model and Lagrangian method was used to predict droplet trajectories, where droplet evaporation was considered. Droplets can be categorized into small droplets (initial size <= 30 mu m or <= 10 mu m as droplet nuclei), medium droplets (30-80 mu m) and large droplets (>100 mu m) according to the exposure characteristics. Droplets up to 100 mu m, particular the small ones, can contribute to both short-range and long-range airborne routes. For the face-to-face talking scenario, the intake fraction and deposition fractions of droplets on the face and facial mucosa of the susceptible were up to 4.96%, 2.14%, and 0.12%, respectively, indicating inhalation is the dominant route. The exposure risk from a talking infector decreases monotonically with the interpersonal dis-tance, while that of nasal-breathing generated droplets maintains a relatively stable level within 1.0 m. Keeping an angle of 15 degrees or above with the expiratory flow is efficient to reduce intake fractions to <0.37% for small droplets. Adjusting the orientation from face-to-face to face-to-back can reduce exposure to small droplets by approximately 88.0% during talking and 66.2% during breathing. A higher ventilation rate can reduce the risk of exposure to small droplets but may increase the risk of transmission via medium droplets by enhancing their evaporation rate. This study would serve as a fundamental research for epidemiologist, healthcare workers and the public in the purpose of infection control.
Keyword ：
Relative position Relative position Interpersonal distance Interpersonal distance Close contact Close contact Respiratory droplets Respiratory droplets COVID-19 COVID-19 Airborne route Airborne route
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| GB/T 7714 | Wei, Jianjian , Wang, Lei , Jin, Tao et al. Effects of occupant behavior and ventilation on exposure to respiratory droplets in the indoor environment [J]. | BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT , 2023 , 229 . |
| MLA | Wei, Jianjian et al. "Effects of occupant behavior and ventilation on exposure to respiratory droplets in the indoor environment" . | BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT 229 (2023) . |
| APA | Wei, Jianjian , Wang, Lei , Jin, Tao , Li, Yuguo , Zhang, Nan . Effects of occupant behavior and ventilation on exposure to respiratory droplets in the indoor environment . | BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT , 2023 , 229 . |
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Abstract ：
Many universities implemented closed-off management to prevent COVID-19 outbreaks. However, the effect that interventions implemented during the pandemic on students' learning and health is unclear. For this study, 2350 university students in Beijing and Shanghai completed an online survey about changes in their learning and their physical and mental health during school closures compared with non-closures. We then examined whether those changes were influenced by factors including city, gender, educational background, student residential type, and imposed interventions. The results showed that different interventions had little effect on non-residents' (housed off campus) learning and health during school closures (p > 0.05) and students who preferred in-person learning regressed more significantly in learning during school closures (p G 0.05). Graduates regressed more significantly than undergraduates (p G 0.001), and residents (housed on campus) more than non-residents in learning (p G 0.001). Students' stress levels were significantly higher (p G 0.001), especially among graduates and residents (p G 0.001), with the major stressors for university students being academic, economic, and interpersonal during school closures. Around 4/5 of students reported higher potential depression and 3/4 reported higher anxiety, with females being more likely than males (p G 0.001), graduates more likely than undergraduates (p G 0.001), and residents more likely than non-residents (p G 0.01) to be depressed and anxious. Also, males had more significant negative changes in their habits (smoking, drinking, exercise, and sedentariness) than females (p G 0.01). These results may benefit universities in helping provide evidence-based intervention policies during similar events.
Keyword ：
COVID-19 COVID-19 University students University students Health Health Learning Learning School closures School closures
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| GB/T 7714 | Miao, Doudou , Zhu, Min , Zhou, Zhihan et al. How school closures affected learning and the physical and mental health of Chinese university students during the COVID-19 pandemic? [J]. | BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT , 2023 , 242 . |
| MLA | Miao, Doudou et al. "How school closures affected learning and the physical and mental health of Chinese university students during the COVID-19 pandemic?" . | BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT 242 (2023) . |
| APA | Miao, Doudou , Zhu, Min , Zhou, Zhihan , Zhang, Nan . How school closures affected learning and the physical and mental health of Chinese university students during the COVID-19 pandemic? . | BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT , 2023 , 242 . |
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