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学者姓名：邹江林
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Abstract ：
The laser melting processing is affected by complex physical mechanisms, exhibiting significant non-stationary characteristics across multiple dimensions, including the time and frequency domains. In view of the difficulties in quantifying the plume fluctuation during the processing and the limitations of single-dimensional analysis, this paper proposes a data processing method combining ensemble empirical mode decomposition and continuous wavelet transform (EEMD-CWT) to quantitatively analyze the time-frequency multi-dimensional of plume morphology and its correlation with processing mode transitions. The results show that during the transition from thermal conduction mode (without a keyhole) to keyhole mode, the plume area first increases and then decreases, while the fluctuation frequency and its distribution range consistently increase. Both the area and the fluctuation frequency of the plume under different processing modes present significant changes, and there is a transition stage with dual characteristics between the conduction mode and the keyhole mode. Through the analysis of EEMD-CWT, it is found that the fluctuation frequency range of the plume gradually expands from approximately 60 Hz in the heat conduction mode to 500 Hz - 2500 Hz in the keyhole mode and exhibits strong instability in the transition mode. Utilizing the multi-dimensional time-frequency analysis method proposed in this paper is expected to quickly and effectively identify the transitions among different processing states in laser melting processing, and it can provide important theoretical support and technical methods for the dynamic monitoring of the processing process, the understanding of the processing mode transformation mechanism and the process optimization.
Keyword ：
Plume Plume EEMD-CWT EEMD-CWT Processing mode Processing mode Laser melting processing Laser melting processing Air-liquid interface Air-liquid interface
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| GB/T 7714 | Xie, Shun , Zhao, Yu , Zou, Jianglin et al. Quantitative analysis of laser processing mode transformation process based on the multi-dimensional time-frequency characteristics of plume morphology [J]. | JOURNAL OF MANUFACTURING PROCESSES , 2025 , 135 : 279-287 . |
| MLA | Xie, Shun et al. "Quantitative analysis of laser processing mode transformation process based on the multi-dimensional time-frequency characteristics of plume morphology" . | JOURNAL OF MANUFACTURING PROCESSES 135 (2025) : 279-287 . |
| APA | Xie, Shun , Zhao, Yu , Zou, Jianglin , Yang, Wuxiong , Zhu, Baoqi , Liu, Tao et al. Quantitative analysis of laser processing mode transformation process based on the multi-dimensional time-frequency characteristics of plume morphology . | JOURNAL OF MANUFACTURING PROCESSES , 2025 , 135 , 279-287 . |
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Abstract ：
The establishment of an accurate prediction model of keyhole depth during laser welding is of great significance for predicting the weld depth or pre-selecting suitable welding process parameters. In this paper, based on the primary absorption of the incident laser by the front keyhole wall, the tilt angle of the keyhole wall was calculated point by point according to the equilibrium relationship between the laser energy absorbed by the material and the energy required for evaporation at any position of the front keyhole wall. A prediction model for the keyhole depth in laser deep penetration welding has been established by taking into account the laser optical parameters, the focusing system parameters, the welding process parameters, and the material properties. The transformation law of the front keyhole wall profile, the Fresnel absorption coefficient, and the keyhole depth with laser power, welding speed, focusing focal length, and other parameters was calculated in the model, which is basically in line with the consensus. At the same time, the keyhole depth results of calculations and measurements under some parameter conditions were compared. It can be found that the prediction model of keyhole depth during laser deep penetration welding can be used to approximate the calculation of weld depth, and the feasibility of the model was preliminarily verified. Moreover, combined with previous experimental results, the conclusion that the primary absorption of front keyhole wall is the key factor determining the keyhole depth can be re-verified by using mathematical calculations. It also shows that the complex energy coupling law in keyhole has a noticeable difference in the influence of different physical phenomena during laser deep penetration welding.
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| GB/T 7714 | Zhu, Baoqi , Zou, Jianglin , Xie, Shun et al. The calculation of keyhole depth based on the primary absorption of front keyhole wall in laser deep-penetration welding [J]. | JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS , 2025 , 137 (9) . |
| MLA | Zhu, Baoqi et al. "The calculation of keyhole depth based on the primary absorption of front keyhole wall in laser deep-penetration welding" . | JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 137 . 9 (2025) . |
| APA | Zhu, Baoqi , Zou, Jianglin , Xie, Shun , Liu, Tao , Yang, Wuxiong . The calculation of keyhole depth based on the primary absorption of front keyhole wall in laser deep-penetration welding . | JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS , 2025 , 137 (9) . |
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Abstract ：
The thermal and ablation effects of lasers are widely used in laser additive manufacturing, laser welding, laser cleaning, and laser cladding technologies. Absorptivity is the core index of laser beam-thermal energy conversion efficiency. This paper analyzed the irradiated material's absorption behavior during the solid-liquid-gas evolution of laser-ablated metal surfaces by comparing the temperature fields and the corresponding weld cross- sections for different laser action periods, considering the fusion and vaporization latent heats. The solid- liquid-gas state evolution of high-power fiber laser-irradiated metal surfaces occurs during several milliseconds, with a short solid-phase existence period, since fusion or melting time is much shorter than the vaporization time. As the solid-liquid-gas state evolves, the average absorptivity and the share of thermal conduction energy loss decrease with the laser action time, while the fusion energy loss gradually increases. The solid-phase surface of the metal in laser processing absorbs significantly more incident laser energy than the liquid-phase one. The longer the solid-phase occurrence period of the metal surface during the laser action, the greater its average absorptivity of the incident laser. By increasing the laser spot area and scanning rate, the solid-phase period of the laser-irradiated metal surface can be increased, improving its incident laser absorptivity.
Keyword ：
Melt pool Melt pool Laser processing Laser processing Solid-liquid-gas evolution Solid-liquid-gas evolution Temperature field Temperature field Absorptivity Absorptivity
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| GB/T 7714 | Zhu, Baoqi , Xie, Shun , Zou, Jianglin et al. High-power fiber laser incident beam absorptivity variation of molten pool surfaces during their solid-liquid-gas state evolution [J]. | JOURNAL OF MANUFACTURING PROCESSES , 2024 , 131 : 659-669 . |
| MLA | Zhu, Baoqi et al. "High-power fiber laser incident beam absorptivity variation of molten pool surfaces during their solid-liquid-gas state evolution" . | JOURNAL OF MANUFACTURING PROCESSES 131 (2024) : 659-669 . |
| APA | Zhu, Baoqi , Xie, Shun , Zou, Jianglin , Zhuang, Yao , Fang, Chao , Wei, Jing et al. High-power fiber laser incident beam absorptivity variation of molten pool surfaces during their solid-liquid-gas state evolution . | JOURNAL OF MANUFACTURING PROCESSES , 2024 , 131 , 659-669 . |
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Abstract ：
Plume are common physical phenomena in fiber laser keyhole welding and have serious negative effects on the welding process. Based on this, this paper explores the regulation law of conventional shielding gas flow on plume. The results show that the shielding gas has a very significant effect on the suppression of the slender part of the plume, and the greater the gas flow rate, the better the plume removal effect. The addition of the shielding gas makes the welding process more stable, the molten pool flows stably, and the frequency of spatter eruption is reduced. Under the experimental conditions, the optimal shielding gas flow rate is around 15 l/min, and the penetration depth and width are increased by about 10% and decreased by about 22%, respectively, compared with that without adding the shielding gas. Based on the gas flow simulation, the gas flow pressure (about 132 Pa) generated by an appropriate amount of shielding gas (about 15 l/min) can press the liquid column and spatter near the keyhole mouth into the molten pool to avoid the spatter eruption. Excessive shielding gas flow will interfere with the flow of the molten pool excessively, and the weld surface will show a serious undercut phenomenon.
Keyword ：
plume plume shielding gas shielding gas fiber laser welding fiber laser welding spatter spatter molten pool molten pool
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| GB/T 7714 | Zou, Jianglin , Xie, Shun , Kong, Hua et al. Active control effect of shielding gas flow on high-power fiber laser welding plume [J]. | JOURNAL OF LASER APPLICATIONS , 2024 , 36 (3) . |
| MLA | Zou, Jianglin et al. "Active control effect of shielding gas flow on high-power fiber laser welding plume" . | JOURNAL OF LASER APPLICATIONS 36 . 3 (2024) . |
| APA | Zou, Jianglin , Xie, Shun , Kong, Hua , Liu, Tao , Fang, Chao , Wu, Qiang . Active control effect of shielding gas flow on high-power fiber laser welding plume . | JOURNAL OF LASER APPLICATIONS , 2024 , 36 (3) . |
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Abstract ：
During modern high-power laser manufacturing, the laser beam-heat energy conversion mainly occurs in the airliquid interface of laser-induced molten pool evaporation. The molten pool air-liquid interface's evolution law and laser energy coupling characteristics were performed by using in-situ optical observations and numerical simulation in this study. They revealed the four stages of this evolution process: preheating, expansion, oscillation, and contraction. In the expansion stage of the molten pool, the molten metal will flow from the center of the molten pool to the periphery due to the joint action of surface tension and laser-induced evaporation recoil pressure, and the air-liquid interface exhibits a middle depression. When the laser is turned off, the evaporative recoil pressure drop causes the molten pool's oscillation, which amplitude and duration positively correlate with laser power. Due to the effects of the solid state and the air-liquid interface depression after melting, the absorptivity first drops and then grows with the increase of laser power. Eventually, the melting efficiency increases with laser power.
Keyword ：
Energy coupling Energy coupling Absorptivity Absorptivity Laser manufacturing Laser manufacturing Air-liquid interface Air-liquid interface Molten pool Molten pool
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| GB/T 7714 | Xie, Shun , Zhu, Baoqi , Qiao, Junnan et al. Molten pool air-liquid interface in high-power laser manufacturing: Evolution law and energy absorption characteristics [J]. | SURFACES AND INTERFACES , 2023 , 41 . |
| MLA | Xie, Shun et al. "Molten pool air-liquid interface in high-power laser manufacturing: Evolution law and energy absorption characteristics" . | SURFACES AND INTERFACES 41 (2023) . |
| APA | Xie, Shun , Zhu, Baoqi , Qiao, Junnan , Zhuang, Yao , Zhao, Yu , Zou, Jianglin . Molten pool air-liquid interface in high-power laser manufacturing: Evolution law and energy absorption characteristics . | SURFACES AND INTERFACES , 2023 , 41 . |
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Abstract ：
This study aimed to propose the in situ measurement of particles based on the self-mixing interferometry (SMI) effect for monitoring the dynamic behaviors of the plume. This method was verified through the in situ measurement of tiny moving metal objects. The signal acquisition rate of the method was about 100%. The SMI signal of the detection laser had a waveform similar to the sawtooth waveform, and its intensity positively correlated with the detection laser power density. A focused detection laser was used to accurately measure the sizes of the tiny moving objects at the laser focus position. The measuring range of this method was limited by the half-wavelength and numerical aperture of the detection laser. The distribution of the plume particles with a diameter ranging from 0.3 gm to 4 gm was obtained using the in situ measurement method based on a detection laser with a wavelength of 1.31 gm in the 1-kW fiber laser keyhole welding. By quantitative statistical analysis, the number proportion of particles ranging from 0.3 to 0.65 gm diameter is more than 70% in all the detected particles. (c) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Keyword ：
Fiber laser welding Fiber laser welding Self-mixing interferometry Self-mixing interferometry Keyhole Keyhole Plume Plume Particle Particle
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| GB/T 7714 | Zou, Jianglin , Gong, Jinjie , Han, Xue et al. In situ detection of plume particles in intelligent laser welding [J]. | MATERIALS & DESIGN , 2022 , 217 . |
| MLA | Zou, Jianglin et al. "In situ detection of plume particles in intelligent laser welding" . | MATERIALS & DESIGN 217 (2022) . |
| APA | Zou, Jianglin , Gong, Jinjie , Han, Xue , Zhao, Yu , Wu, Qiang . In situ detection of plume particles in intelligent laser welding . | MATERIALS & DESIGN , 2022 , 217 . |
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Abstract ：
In situ measurement of particle flow is a promising tool to visualize how the particles affect the power feeding laser additive manufacturing (PFLAM). A simple and robust platform based on optical feedback interferometry (OFI) was implemented in this study. The diameters of particles, the change of particle density, and the agglomeration behavior of particles in the powder stream generated by the powder feeder can be measured through in situ measurements based on the OFI. Signal detection and data processing became more difficult when the particle diameter was much larger or much smaller than the detection laser wavelength. The distribution of particles in fiber laser-induced plume with a diameter ranging from 0.3 mu m to 4 mu m can be measured using the OFI in laser additive manufacturing with powder feeding. The percentage of particles with a diameter of about 0.65 mu m in plume decreased significantly with the increase of laser power.
Keyword ：
Laser additive manufacturing Laser additive manufacturing Powder feeder Powder feeder Plume Plume Particle Particle Optical feedback interferometry Optical feedback interferometry
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| GB/T 7714 | Zou, Jianglin , Wang, Zi , Zhao, Yu et al. In situ measurement of particle flow during fiber laser additive manufacturing with powder feeding [J]. | RESULTS IN PHYSICS , 2022 , 37 . |
| MLA | Zou, Jianglin et al. "In situ measurement of particle flow during fiber laser additive manufacturing with powder feeding" . | RESULTS IN PHYSICS 37 (2022) . |
| APA | Zou, Jianglin , Wang, Zi , Zhao, Yu , Han, Xue , Gong, Jinjie . In situ measurement of particle flow during fiber laser additive manufacturing with powder feeding . | RESULTS IN PHYSICS , 2022 , 37 . |
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Abstract ：
In this paper, the integrated laser welding head with a continuously adjustable focus rotation radius was achieved by using the output shaft (hollow shaft) of the high-frequency motor as the laser transmission tube for laser transmission, laser deflection and laser focus rotation. The continuous adjustment of the focus rotation radius was achieved by changing the relative phase angle between the two wedge prisms and using a focusing lens. And the function relationship between the focal rotation radius and the relative phase angle of two wedge prisms is verified and modified based on the measured results. The energy loss rate of the 5 kW laser through the inner diameter of the hollow shaft is less than 5% and it has little effect on weld depth. The temperature of the hollow shaft can rise to 57.4 degrees C only at the entrance of the hollow shaft under the long action time (120 s) of high-power (6 kW) laser. Both the weld forming and porosity defects of 5083 aluminium alloy can be effectively regulated and controlled by using the integrated laser welding head.
Keyword ：
Fiber laser Fiber laser Focus rotation Focus rotation Wedge prism Wedge prism Hollow shaft Hollow shaft Welding head Welding head
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| GB/T 7714 | Wu, Q. , Yan, S. , Xu, J. J. et al. Design of the integrated laser welding head with a continuously adjustable focus rotation radius [J]. | RESULTS IN PHYSICS , 2022 , 34 . |
| MLA | Wu, Q. et al. "Design of the integrated laser welding head with a continuously adjustable focus rotation radius" . | RESULTS IN PHYSICS 34 (2022) . |
| APA | Wu, Q. , Yan, S. , Xu, J. J. , Cheng, Z. W. , Yuan, Z. F. , Zou, J. L. et al. Design of the integrated laser welding head with a continuously adjustable focus rotation radius . | RESULTS IN PHYSICS , 2022 , 34 . |
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Abstract ：
Weld surface roughness is an important criterion for evaluating weld quality. The main factors that affect weld surface roughness in fiber laser keyhole welding are identified by an in situ observation of the dynamic behavior of a keyhole mouth and by analyzing the eruption characteristics of the laser-induced vapor on the front keyhole wall (FKW). In fiber laser keyhole welding, the weld surface roughness first decreases and then increases with the increase in welding speed. Both the distortion rate of the keyhole mouth and its range of fluctuation will increase as the welding speed increases. The fluctuation in the distortion rate of the keyhole mouth diameter can reflect the stability of fiber laser keyhole welding. The laser-induced vapor at the FKW can erupt to impact the rear keyhole wall, and this is the main factor that affects the distortion rate of keyhole mouth diameter and weld surface roughness in fiber laser keyhole welding. In fiber laser-arc hybrid welding or in CO2 laser keyhole welding, plasma can suppress the effect of laser-induced vapor impacting the keyhole and reduce the weld surface roughness.
Keyword ：
weld surface weld surface roughness roughness vapor vapor fiber laser welding fiber laser welding keyhole keyhole
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| GB/T 7714 | Zou, Jianglin , Zhu, Baoqi , Zhang, Gaolei et al. Effect of the laser-induced vapor in the keyhole on the weld surface roughness in fiber laser welding [J]. | JOURNAL OF LASER APPLICATIONS , 2022 , 34 (1) . |
| MLA | Zou, Jianglin et al. "Effect of the laser-induced vapor in the keyhole on the weld surface roughness in fiber laser welding" . | JOURNAL OF LASER APPLICATIONS 34 . 1 (2022) . |
| APA | Zou, Jianglin , Zhu, Baoqi , Zhang, Gaolei , Jiang, Fan , Wu, Qiang , Xiao, Rongshi . Effect of the laser-induced vapor in the keyhole on the weld surface roughness in fiber laser welding . | JOURNAL OF LASER APPLICATIONS , 2022 , 34 (1) . |
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Abstract ：
In this study, the relationship between melt flow and hump formation was directly revealed during laser deep penetration welding of transparent material. In partial-penetration welding, the melt flowed obliquely upwards along the bottom of the keyhole to the rear surface of the molten pool. And its flow rate increased first and then decreased with the increase of the welding speed. There was a one-to-one correspondence between the humps formed on the weld surface and the fluctuation of the inclination angle of the front keyhole wall (FKW) near the Brewster angle. The maximum eruption rate of the laser-induced vapor on the FKW exceeded 30 m/s. In full-penetration welding, the melt flow direction changed and humping was suppressed. The laser-induced vapor on the FKW surface can act on the rear keyhole wall, and this is the main reason for melt flow. When the inclination angle of the FKW is close to the Brewster angle, the amount of laser-induced evaporation on the FKW will increase to form a high speed jet of vapor which will drive melt flow in the molten pool behind the keyhole, and this is the main reason for hump formation on the rear surface of the molten pool.
Keyword ：
Molten pool Molten pool Laser welding Laser welding Hump Hump Front keyhole wall (FKW) Front keyhole wall (FKW) Vapor Vapor
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| GB/T 7714 | Zhu, Baoqi , Zhang, Gaolei , Zou, Jianglin et al. Melt flow regularity and hump formation process during laser deep penetration welding [J]. | OPTICS AND LASER TECHNOLOGY , 2021 , 139 . |
| MLA | Zhu, Baoqi et al. "Melt flow regularity and hump formation process during laser deep penetration welding" . | OPTICS AND LASER TECHNOLOGY 139 (2021) . |
| APA | Zhu, Baoqi , Zhang, Gaolei , Zou, Jianglin , Ha, Na , Wu, Qiang , Xiao, Rongshi . Melt flow regularity and hump formation process during laser deep penetration welding . | OPTICS AND LASER TECHNOLOGY , 2021 , 139 . |
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