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High density sampling reveals the spatiotemporal characteristics of microbial communities in a full-scale municipal wastewater treatment plant SCIE
期刊论文 | 2025 , 19 (2) | FRONTIERS OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
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Abstract :

Insights into the microbial communities in municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are critical for the optimization of biological nutrient removal process. However, our understanding about the spatiotemporal characteristics of the microbial communities in WWTPs remains limited. In the present study, 264 samples were collected biweekly from four spatially independent corridors in a typical municipal WWTP. The annual compositional and metagenomic characteristics were investigated based on multiple ecological indicators using statistical tests. The results revealed that the microbial community compositions from the four corridors showed significantly high similarities, as revealed by the statistical analysis at the operational taxonomic unit (OTU) level. Consistent with the OTU level results, the functionality of the microbial communities in the four independent corridors also showed significant similarity. In comparison, the dynamics of the microbial community over the year showed two successional peaks of the microbial communities with the spatial similarity, and this resulted in three alternative stable states of the microbial communities in a calendar year. The microbial communities only drifted in July and November, suggesting an uneven community succession pattern driven by seasonal variation in environmental conditions. The functional characteristics were found to be relatively conservative compared to the microbial community succession, which revealed the decoupling between the composition and functionality of the microbial community in the municipal WWTP. The present study provides an in-depth overview of the microbial communities in a municipal WWTP and will be useful for the establishment of the connection between ecological characteristics and the operational stability of WWTPs.

Keyword :

Microbial community Microbial community Successional pattern Successional pattern Metagenomics Metagenomics Activated sludge Activated sludge Spatial similarity Spatial similarity

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GB/T 7714 Li, Zhaoyang , Zhang, Liang , Li, Jinghan et al. High density sampling reveals the spatiotemporal characteristics of microbial communities in a full-scale municipal wastewater treatment plant [J]. | FRONTIERS OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & ENGINEERING , 2025 , 19 (2) .
MLA Li, Zhaoyang et al. "High density sampling reveals the spatiotemporal characteristics of microbial communities in a full-scale municipal wastewater treatment plant" . | FRONTIERS OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 19 . 2 (2025) .
APA Li, Zhaoyang , Zhang, Liang , Li, Jinghan , Kang, Da , Li, Jialin , Zhang, Shujun et al. High density sampling reveals the spatiotemporal characteristics of microbial communities in a full-scale municipal wastewater treatment plant . | FRONTIERS OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & ENGINEERING , 2025 , 19 (2) .
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Influence of high-load shocks on achieving mainstream partial nitrification: Microbial community succession SCIE
期刊论文 | 2025 , 27 | WATER RESEARCH X
WoS CC Cited Count: 1
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Abstract :

Driving microbial community succession through the regulation of operational strategies is crucial for achieving partial nitrification (PN) in municipal wastewater. However, at present, there is a decoupling between the strategic regulation of PN systems and the succession characteristics of the microbial community. This study examined the correlation between microbial community succession and PN performance under two high-load shocks (HLS1 and HLS2) treating actual sewage. During HLS1, the influent organic loading rate (OLR) and nitrogen loading rate (NLR) increased from 116.7 + 37.7 to 219.7 + 24.7 mg COD/(g VSS center dot d) and 0.21+0.02 to 0.33+0.02 kg N/m3/d respectively, with the nitrite concentration and nitrite accumulation ratio only reaching 11.7 + 2.7 mg/L and 49.3 + 13.9 %, respectively. During HLS2, the influent OLR and NLR increased from 123.5 + 17.2 to 300.3 + 49.2 mg COD/(g VSS center dot d) and 0.19+0.03 to 0.32+0.03 kg N/m3/d respectively, resulting in a nitrite accumulation ratio of 89.4 + 10.7 %. The system achieved efficient PN performance and sustained for 124 days. High-throughput sequencing results showed that community diversity remained consistently high, and the community composition returned to its initial state following a minor succession during HLS1. During HLS2, the high-load shock reduced the richness and evenness of the microbial community. The community underwent succession in a new direction, leading to community composition and function changes. The results indicate that the realization, stabilization, and disruption of PN are influenced not only by operational parameters but also by microbial community structure.

Keyword :

Microbial ecology Microbial ecology Organic loading rate Organic loading rate Nitrogen loading rate Nitrogen loading rate Stable nitritation Stable nitritation Municipal sewage Municipal sewage

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GB/T 7714 Jia, Chenjie , Li, Jialin , Li, Zhaoyang et al. Influence of high-load shocks on achieving mainstream partial nitrification: Microbial community succession [J]. | WATER RESEARCH X , 2025 , 27 .
MLA Jia, Chenjie et al. "Influence of high-load shocks on achieving mainstream partial nitrification: Microbial community succession" . | WATER RESEARCH X 27 (2025) .
APA Jia, Chenjie , Li, Jialin , Li, Zhaoyang , Zhang, Liang . Influence of high-load shocks on achieving mainstream partial nitrification: Microbial community succession . | WATER RESEARCH X , 2025 , 27 .
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A mini review on evaluating the contribution of anammox to nitrogen removal in municipal wastewater treatment systems: Current limitations and suggestions for paths forward SCIE
期刊论文 | 2024 , 68 | JOURNAL OF WATER PROCESS ENGINEERING
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Abstract :

The application of partial mainstream anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) technology for nitrogen removal from low carbon-to-nitrogen ratio municipal wastewater offers significant technical and economic benefits. However, the lack of clear recurrence patterns and unclear external regulation strategies has resulted a delay in identification of the anammox phenomenon in actual wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The further optimization and scaling up of this technology face bottlenecks. Therefore, it is crucial to predict and estimate the contribution of anammox to nitrogen removal from the partial mainstream anammox process. This paper summarizes the abundance and activity of anaerobic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AnAOB) in WWTPs and provides a baseline for predicting anammox contribution (15.9 %-37.5 %). Furthermore, anammox feature method, anammox absence method, and anammox presence method for estimating anammox contributions are introduced. Meanwhile, the advantages, disadvantages and feasibility of in-situ and ex-situ testing are explained. In terms of outlook and future trends, machine learning, microfluidic technology, and synthetic biology are proposed for accurate quantification of anammox contributions.

Keyword :

Mainstream Mainstream Municipal wastewater treatment Municipal wastewater treatment Anammox Anammox Nitrogen removal Nitrogen removal

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GB/T 7714 Zhang, Jiangtao , Jiang, Ling , Zhang, Liang et al. A mini review on evaluating the contribution of anammox to nitrogen removal in municipal wastewater treatment systems: Current limitations and suggestions for paths forward [J]. | JOURNAL OF WATER PROCESS ENGINEERING , 2024 , 68 .
MLA Zhang, Jiangtao et al. "A mini review on evaluating the contribution of anammox to nitrogen removal in municipal wastewater treatment systems: Current limitations and suggestions for paths forward" . | JOURNAL OF WATER PROCESS ENGINEERING 68 (2024) .
APA Zhang, Jiangtao , Jiang, Ling , Zhang, Liang , Peng, Yongzhen . A mini review on evaluating the contribution of anammox to nitrogen removal in municipal wastewater treatment systems: Current limitations and suggestions for paths forward . | JOURNAL OF WATER PROCESS ENGINEERING , 2024 , 68 .
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Pilot-scale implementation of mainstream anammox for municipal wastewater treatment against cold temperature SCIE
期刊论文 | 2024 , 15 (1) | NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
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Applying anammox to municipal wastewater treatment promises enormous energy and resource savings; however, seasonally cold conditions pose a considerable challenge, impeding its future applications towards non-tropical regions. In this study, we establish a pilot-scale wastewater treatment plant (50 m3/d) in northern China and implement the partial denitrification coupling anammox process on actual municipal wastewater. Despite seasonal cooling, the nitrogen removal efficiency remains high, ranging from 75.0 +/- 4.6% at 27.8-20.0 degrees C to 70.4 +/- 4.5% at 10-7.5 degrees C. This process exhibits remarkable low-temperature tolerance, achieving an in-situ anammox rate of 32.7 +/- 4.7 g-N/(m3d) at 10-7.5 degrees C and contributing up to 39.7 +/- 6.7% to nitrogen removal. Further 15N stable isotope tracing and kinetic tests reveal that the partial denitrification is capable of supplying increasingly abundant NO2- to anammox with decreasing temperature, enabling robust mainstream anammox against seasonal cooling. From 27.8 degrees C to 7.5 degrees C, anammox bacteria not only survive but thrive under mainstream conditions, with absolute and relative abundances increasing by 429.1% and 343.5%, respectively. This pilot-scale study sheds fresh light on extending mainstream anammox towards non-tropical regions, taking a necessary step forward toward the sustainability goals of the wastewater treatment sector. Low temperatures pose challenges to applying sustainable anammox technology in non-tropical regions. Here, authors propose a partial denitrification coupling anammox process and conduct a pilot-scale evaluation, offering insights into extending anammox applications to colder locations.

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GB/T 7714 Zhao, Qi , Peng, Yongzhen , Li, Jianwei et al. Pilot-scale implementation of mainstream anammox for municipal wastewater treatment against cold temperature [J]. | NATURE COMMUNICATIONS , 2024 , 15 (1) .
MLA Zhao, Qi et al. "Pilot-scale implementation of mainstream anammox for municipal wastewater treatment against cold temperature" . | NATURE COMMUNICATIONS 15 . 1 (2024) .
APA Zhao, Qi , Peng, Yongzhen , Li, Jianwei , Jia, Tipei , Zhang, Qiong , Zhang, Liang . Pilot-scale implementation of mainstream anammox for municipal wastewater treatment against cold temperature . | NATURE COMMUNICATIONS , 2024 , 15 (1) .
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Biofilm phenotypes and internal community succession determines distinct growth of anammox bacteria in functional anammox biofilms SCIE
期刊论文 | 2022 , 349 | BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
WoS CC Cited Count: 13
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Abstract :

In this study, time-series anammox functional biofilms were obtained in a lab-scale simultaneous partial nitritation/anammox process for treating high-strength ammonium. The variations in the biofilm phenotypes, community succession, and anammox bacteria abundance over time were evaluated using optical microscopy, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and qPCR. The result revealed that biofilm has three distinct stages of the community development trajectory across a 182-day temporal scale. Anammox bacteria growth rates were 0.035 d(-1), 0.0015 d(-1), and 0.011 d(-1), respectively. The diversity and network analysis suggested that the positive priority effect of ammonia oxidizing bacteria was the primary factor for the rapid proliferation of anammox bacteria, and the species replacement triggering priority effect forfeiture and substituted functional recruitment were reasons for the slow proliferation and stable proliferation of anammox bacteria, respectively. Taken together, the higher microbial diversity and stable community composite were key prerequisites for the proliferation of the anammox bacteria.

Keyword :

Microbial community succession Microbial community succession anammox anammox Partial nitritation Partial nitritation Biofilm Biofilm Anammox bacteria enrichment Anammox bacteria enrichment

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GB/T 7714 Yang, Shenhua , Peng, Yongzhen , Zhang, Qiong et al. Biofilm phenotypes and internal community succession determines distinct growth of anammox bacteria in functional anammox biofilms [J]. | BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY , 2022 , 349 .
MLA Yang, Shenhua et al. "Biofilm phenotypes and internal community succession determines distinct growth of anammox bacteria in functional anammox biofilms" . | BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 349 (2022) .
APA Yang, Shenhua , Peng, Yongzhen , Zhang, Qiong , Li, Jialin , Zhang, Liang . Biofilm phenotypes and internal community succession determines distinct growth of anammox bacteria in functional anammox biofilms . | BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY , 2022 , 349 .
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Extremely acidic condition (pH < 1.0) as a novel strategy to achieve high-efficient hydrogen sulfide removal in biotrickling filter: Biomass accumulation, sulfur oxidation pathway and microbial analysis SCIE
期刊论文 | 2022 , 294 | CHEMOSPHERE
WoS CC Cited Count: 9
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Abstract :

Extremely acidic conditions (pH < 1.0) during hydrogen sulfide (H2S) biotreatment significantly reduce the cost of pH regulation; however, there remain challenges to its applications. The present study investigated the H2S removal and biomass variations in biotrickling filter (BTF) under long-term highly acidic conditions. A BTF operated for 144 days at pH 0.5-1.0 achieved an H2S elimination capacity (EC) of 109.9 g/(m(3).h) (removal efficiency = 97.0%) at an empty bed retention time of 20 s, with an average biomass concentration at 20.6 g/LBTF. The biomass concentration at neutral pH increased from 22.3 to 49.5 g/L-BTF within 28 days. In this case, elemental sulfur (S-0) accumulated due to insufficient oxygen transfer in biofilm, which aggravated the BTF blockage problem. After long-term domestication under extremely acidic conditions, a mixotrophic acidophilic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (SOB) Alicyclobacillus (abundance 55.4%) were enriched in the extremely acidic biofilm, while non-aciduric bacteria were eliminated, which maintained the balance of biofilm thickness. Biofilm with optimum thickness ensured oxygen transfer and H2S oxidation, avoiding the accumulation of S-0. The BTF performance improved due to the enrichment of active mixotrophic SOB with high abundance under extremely acidic conditions. The mixotrophic SOB is expected to be further enriched under extremely acidic conditions by adding carbohydrates to enhance H2S removal.

Keyword :

Oxygen transfer Oxygen transfer Biotrickling filter Biotrickling filter Mixotrophic SOB Mixotrophic SOB Extremely acidic condition Extremely acidic condition H2S removal H2S removal Biomass Biomass

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GB/T 7714 Jia, Tipei , Sun, Shihao , Zhao, Qi et al. Extremely acidic condition (pH < 1.0) as a novel strategy to achieve high-efficient hydrogen sulfide removal in biotrickling filter: Biomass accumulation, sulfur oxidation pathway and microbial analysis [J]. | CHEMOSPHERE , 2022 , 294 .
MLA Jia, Tipei et al. "Extremely acidic condition (pH < 1.0) as a novel strategy to achieve high-efficient hydrogen sulfide removal in biotrickling filter: Biomass accumulation, sulfur oxidation pathway and microbial analysis" . | CHEMOSPHERE 294 (2022) .
APA Jia, Tipei , Sun, Shihao , Zhao, Qi , Peng, Yongzhen , Zhang, Liang . Extremely acidic condition (pH < 1.0) as a novel strategy to achieve high-efficient hydrogen sulfide removal in biotrickling filter: Biomass accumulation, sulfur oxidation pathway and microbial analysis . | CHEMOSPHERE , 2022 , 294 .
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Successful Application of Anammox Using the Hybrid Autotrophic-Heterotrophic Denitrification Process for Low-Strength Wastewater Treatment SCIE
期刊论文 | 2022 , 56 (19) , 13964-13974 | ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
WoS CC Cited Count: 62
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Directly integrating anammox into sewage treat-ment is attractive, but anammox bacteria (AnAOB) enrichment is complex due to vicious competition from heterotrophic bacteria (HB). A novel strategy of optimal organics management using a preanaerobic stage and subsequent limited-oxygen conditions (0.32 +/- 0.15 mg-O-2/L) is applied, and a hybrid autotrophic-heterotrophic denitrification process is developed to treat sewage-like wastewater with a COD/N ratio of 3.1 for 420 days. The stable process was achieved, and a high total nitrogen removal rate of 0.53 kg-N/(m(3)middotd) was obtained compared to conventional nitrification/denitrification. The 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing analysis suggested that the relative abundance of the nonendogenous HB (Denitratisoma and Thauera) was drastically reduced (P <= 0.001), whereas the endogenous denitrifying HB (Candidatus (Ca.) Competibacter) was significantly enriched in the anammox granules (9.98%, P <= 0.001). Moreover, Ca. Competibacter as an inner core and Nitrospira and Ca. Brocadia as an outside coating of the anammox granules indicated the cooperation of AnAOB with HB as revealed by laser-scanning confocal microscopy and qPCR. In situ tests further confirmed nitrite from two pathways (partial nitritation and endogenous partial denitritation) that favored AnAOB enrichment. Optimal organics management can mitigate the competition of HB with AnAOB by redirecting the metabolic pathways and microbial community, which is critical to directly integrating anammox into sewage treatment.

Keyword :

biomass segregation biomass segregation limited-oxygen limited-oxygen mainstream anammox mainstream anammox endogenous partial denitritation endogenous partial denitritation preanaerobic stage preanaerobic stage

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GB/T 7714 Li, Jialin , Peng, Yongzhen , Yang, Shenhua et al. Successful Application of Anammox Using the Hybrid Autotrophic-Heterotrophic Denitrification Process for Low-Strength Wastewater Treatment [J]. | ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY , 2022 , 56 (19) : 13964-13974 .
MLA Li, Jialin et al. "Successful Application of Anammox Using the Hybrid Autotrophic-Heterotrophic Denitrification Process for Low-Strength Wastewater Treatment" . | ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 56 . 19 (2022) : 13964-13974 .
APA Li, Jialin , Peng, Yongzhen , Yang, Shenhua , Li, Shuai , Feng, Wanyi , Li, Xiyao et al. Successful Application of Anammox Using the Hybrid Autotrophic-Heterotrophic Denitrification Process for Low-Strength Wastewater Treatment . | ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY , 2022 , 56 (19) , 13964-13974 .
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Rapid initiation and stable maintenance of municipal wastewater nitritation during the continuous flow anaerobic/oxic process with an ultra-low sludge retention time SCIE
期刊论文 | 2021 , 197 | WATER RESEARCH
WoS CC Cited Count: 47
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Rapid achievement of nitritation of mainstream municipal wastewater in a continuous-flow process is attractive since it favors the involvement of the anammox process and reduces the operational costs. In this study, a feasible and economical strategy is proposed to rapidly achieve the nitritation of municipal wastewater. By aggressively discharging excess sludge during the seasonal warming period (temperature increasing from 18 degrees C to 22 degrees C), nitritation was established in 15 days with a nitrite accumulation ratio of 85.09% in a continuous-flow anaerobic/oxic (An/O) reactor. Meanwhile, qPCR results revealed that amoA abundance increased from (1.78 +/- 0.10) x10(8) copies/(g VSS) to (1.05 +/- 0.11) x 10(10) copies/(g VSS) while the abundance of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria decreased from (1.1 +/- 0.02) x10(10) copies/(g VSS) to (5.01 +/- 0.02) x10(8) copies/(g VSS). The temperature gradually stabilized at 26 degrees C during the following operational period and stable nitritation was maintained with a nitrite accumulation ratio above 90%, which was mainly attributed to a short sludge retention time (SRT) of 4.3 days and a low dissolved oxygen of 0.86 +/- 0.5 mg/L. Falling temperature negatively impacted the stability of nitritation, but nitritation could be restarted by aggressively discharging excess sludge during another temperature increase period. Overall, this study provides a feasible strategy to start-up nitritation that has great potential applications for municipal wastewater treatment. (C) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keyword :

Nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) Nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) Ammonium-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) Ammonium-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) Nitritation Nitritation SRT SRT Municipal wastewater Municipal wastewater An /O process An /O process

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GB/T 7714 Wang, Zihao , Peng, Yongzhen , Li, Jianwei et al. Rapid initiation and stable maintenance of municipal wastewater nitritation during the continuous flow anaerobic/oxic process with an ultra-low sludge retention time [J]. | WATER RESEARCH , 2021 , 197 .
MLA Wang, Zihao et al. "Rapid initiation and stable maintenance of municipal wastewater nitritation during the continuous flow anaerobic/oxic process with an ultra-low sludge retention time" . | WATER RESEARCH 197 (2021) .
APA Wang, Zihao , Peng, Yongzhen , Li, Jianwei , Liu, Jinjin , Zhang, Qiong , Li, Xiyao et al. Rapid initiation and stable maintenance of municipal wastewater nitritation during the continuous flow anaerobic/oxic process with an ultra-low sludge retention time . | WATER RESEARCH , 2021 , 197 .
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An Innovative Process for Mature Landfill Leachate and Waste Activated Sludge Simultaneous Treatment Based on Partial Nitrification, In Situ Fermentation, and Anammox (PNFA) SCIE
期刊论文 | 2021 , 56 (2) , 1310-1320 | ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
WoS CC Cited Count: 35
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An innovative partial nitrification, in situ fermentation, and Anammox (PNFA) system was developed to achieve mature landfill leachate and waste activated sludge simultaneous treatment. Three separate sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) were used for partial nitrification (PN-SBR), integrated fermentation-denitrification (IFD-SBR), and partial nitrification-Anammox (PNA-SBR). After 200 days of continuous operation, a satisfactory nitrogen removal efficiency (NRE) of 99.2 +/- 0.1% was obtained, with an effluent total nitrogen (TN) of 15.2 +/- 3.2 mg/L. In IFD-SBR, the volatile fatty acids generated from fermentation drove efficient denitrification, obtaining sludge and nitrogen reduction rates of 4.2 +/- 0.7 and 0.61 +/- 0.04 kg/m(3).day, respectively. Furthermore, unwanted fermentation metabolites (134.1 mg/L NH4+-N) were further treated by PNA-SBR using a combination of step-feed and intermittent aeration strategies. In PNA-SBR, Anammox significantly contributed to 82.1% nitrogen removal, and Anammox bacteria (Candidatus Brocadia, 2.3%) mutually benefited with partially denitrifying microorganisms (Thauera, 4.2%), with 66.3% of generated nitrate reduced to nitrite and then reutilized in situ by Anammox. Compared with the conventional nitrification-denitrification process, PNFA reduced oxygen energy consumption, external carbon source dosage, and CO2 emission by 21.3, 100, and 38.9%, respectively, and obtained 50.1% external WAS reduction efficiency.

Keyword :

fermentation fermentation free nitrous acid free nitrous acid mature landfill leachate mature landfill leachate waste activated sludge waste activated sludge Anammox Anammox simultaneous treatment simultaneous treatment

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GB/T 7714 Zhang, Fangzhai , Peng, Yongzhen , Wang, Zhong et al. An Innovative Process for Mature Landfill Leachate and Waste Activated Sludge Simultaneous Treatment Based on Partial Nitrification, In Situ Fermentation, and Anammox (PNFA) [J]. | ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY , 2021 , 56 (2) : 1310-1320 .
MLA Zhang, Fangzhai et al. "An Innovative Process for Mature Landfill Leachate and Waste Activated Sludge Simultaneous Treatment Based on Partial Nitrification, In Situ Fermentation, and Anammox (PNFA)" . | ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 56 . 2 (2021) : 1310-1320 .
APA Zhang, Fangzhai , Peng, Yongzhen , Wang, Zhong , Jiang, Hao , Ren, Shang , Qiu, Jingang et al. An Innovative Process for Mature Landfill Leachate and Waste Activated Sludge Simultaneous Treatment Based on Partial Nitrification, In Situ Fermentation, and Anammox (PNFA) . | ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY , 2021 , 56 (2) , 1310-1320 .
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Distinct granulation pathways of anammox granular sludge under biofilm enhancement SCIE
期刊论文 | 2021 , 345 | BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
WoS CC Cited Count: 5
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The simultaneous partial nitrification and anammox (PN/A) granular sludge process in a plug-flow reactor has been difficult to achieve. This study provides a novel way to enhance granulation using biofilm detachment. In a plug-flow reactor, a fixed carrier was added to the activated sludge, and a PN/A biofilm gradually formed during the operation. Mature biofilm detachment appeared and caused the emergence of micro-granule. Then the fixed carriers were removed from the reactor, but the nitrogen removal rate (NRR) of the reactor was barely affected. This result suggests granular sludge is a feasible replacement for biofilm. Moreover, the particle size of the granule increased from 212 to 425 mu m, and the NRR was 1.63 kg N/(m3.d), with a maximum nitrogen removal efficiency of 86.5%. Overall, this study implies that it is feasible to maintain granular sludge in a plug-flow PN/A reactor, and biofilm detachment significantly favors the granulation process.

Keyword :

Plug-flow reactor Plug-flow reactor Granule enlargement Granule enlargement Granulation Granulation Partial nitrification and anammox Partial nitrification and anammox

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GB/T 7714 Yang, Shenhua , Song, Peiyuan , Zhuang, Baoyu et al. Distinct granulation pathways of anammox granular sludge under biofilm enhancement [J]. | BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY , 2021 , 345 .
MLA Yang, Shenhua et al. "Distinct granulation pathways of anammox granular sludge under biofilm enhancement" . | BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 345 (2021) .
APA Yang, Shenhua , Song, Peiyuan , Zhuang, Baoyu , Zhang, Shujun , Han, Xiaoyu , Peng, Yongzhen et al. Distinct granulation pathways of anammox granular sludge under biofilm enhancement . | BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY , 2021 , 345 .
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