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学者姓名：赵耀华
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Abstract ：
In the age of digitalization and big data, cooling systems in data centers are vital for maintaining equipment efficiency and environmental sustainability. Although many studies have focused on the classification and optimization of data center cooling systems, systematic reviews using bibliometric methods are relatively scarce. This review uses bibliometric analysis to explore the classifications, control optimizations, and energy metrics of data center cooling systems, aiming to address research gaps. Using CiteSpace and databases like Scopus, Web of Science, and IEEE, this study maps the field's historical development and current trends. The findings indicate that, firstly, the classification of cooling systems, optimization strategies, and energy efficiency metrics are the current focal points. Secondly, this review assesses the applicability of air-cooled and liquid-cooled systems in different operational environments, providing practical guidance for selection. Then, for air cooling systems, the review demonstrates that optimizing the design of static pressure chamber baffles has significantly improved airflow uniformity. Finally, the article advocates for expanding the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning to automate data collection and energy efficiency analysis, it also calls for the global standardization of energy efficiency metrics. This study offers new perspectives on the design, operational optimization, and performance evaluation of data center cooling systems.
Keyword ：
data center data center control strategy optimization control strategy optimization energy efficiency assessment energy efficiency assessment bibliometrics bibliometrics cooling system cooling system
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| GB/T 7714 | Chang, Qiankun , Huang, Yuanfeng , Liu, Kaiyan et al. Optimization Control Strategies and Evaluation Metrics of Cooling Systems in Data Centers: A Review [J]. | SUSTAINABILITY , 2024 , 16 (16) . |
| MLA | Chang, Qiankun et al. "Optimization Control Strategies and Evaluation Metrics of Cooling Systems in Data Centers: A Review" . | SUSTAINABILITY 16 . 16 (2024) . |
| APA | Chang, Qiankun , Huang, Yuanfeng , Liu, Kaiyan , Xu, Xin , Zhao, Yaohua , Pan, Song . Optimization Control Strategies and Evaluation Metrics of Cooling Systems in Data Centers: A Review . | SUSTAINABILITY , 2024 , 16 (16) . |
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Abstract ：
The high-speed development of 5G technology and electronic components has provided an opportunity for micro heat pipe arrays (MHPAs). This study proposes a grooved multi-hole wick structure heat pipe (MHPA-CFW) with an MHPA micro-fin structure injected with copper foam to enhance the heat transfer performance. The study investigates how the heat transfer capability of MHPA-CFW is affected by the pore density and width of copper foam. It also examines its ability to function against gravity at various working inclinations. Experimental findings demonstrate that the MHPA-CFW exhibits superior heat transfer capability compared with that of MHPA. Under vertical operation, the heat transfer capability increases as the pore density rises at the low heat flux. However, it initially improves and then weakens with an increase in the pore density when the heat flux exceeds 3.75 W/cm2. 2 . The heat transfer capability deteriorates as the copper foam width increases. A 4#MHPACFW (95PPI, 1.0 mm) was chosen for the multi-orientation experiment. Results indicate that it significantly enhances the heat transfer capability by overcoming the effects of gravity when the working inclination angle changes from 90 degrees degrees to- 10 degrees. degrees . These results provide a reference for improving heat transfer and expanding heat pipe applications in electronic heat dissipation.
Keyword ：
Grooved porous wick structure Grooved porous wick structure Micro heat pipe array Micro heat pipe array Anti-gravity ability Anti-gravity ability
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| GB/T 7714 | Wang, Wei , Zhao, Yaohua , Diao, Yanhua . Experimental study on the heat transfer characteristics of flat-plate micro heat pipe arrays with grooved porous wick structure and porous copper foam inserts [J]. | APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING , 2024 , 257 . |
| MLA | Wang, Wei et al. "Experimental study on the heat transfer characteristics of flat-plate micro heat pipe arrays with grooved porous wick structure and porous copper foam inserts" . | APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING 257 (2024) . |
| APA | Wang, Wei , Zhao, Yaohua , Diao, Yanhua . Experimental study on the heat transfer characteristics of flat-plate micro heat pipe arrays with grooved porous wick structure and porous copper foam inserts . | APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING , 2024 , 257 . |
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Abstract ：
Thermal management system (TMS) plays an important role in reducing the battery module's temperature rise and ensuring temperature uniformity. In this study, a bottom liquid cooling (BLC) TMS based on multichannel flat tube (MCFT) is established. The temperature distribution of the battery module under the BLC method is analyzed through comparative experiments with the passive cooling method. Then, the influence of cold water flow rate and cold water inlet temperature variation on thermal management performance are studied. Results show that the BLC TMS based on MCFT can effectively reduce the temperature rise of the battery module without considerably reducing the temperature uniformity of the module. The increase in the cold water flow rate slightly influences the thermal management performance of the battery module, the change in the module's maximum temperature is only 1.4%. However, the change in the cold water inlet temperature considerably influences the thermal management performance of the battery module. The temperature of the battery module can be maintained below 45 degrees C by decreasing the cold water inlet temperature, but the temperature difference of the battery and module levels are increased by 48.9% and 61.6%, respectively.
Keyword ：
Thermal management system Thermal management system Multichannel flat tube Multichannel flat tube Lithium -ion battery Lithium -ion battery Bottom liquid cooling Bottom liquid cooling
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| GB/T 7714 | Ren, Ruyang , Zhao, Yaohua , Diao, Yanhua et al. Experimental study on the bottom liquid cooling thermal management system for lithium-ion battery based on multichannel flat tube [J]. | APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING , 2023 , 219 . |
| MLA | Ren, Ruyang et al. "Experimental study on the bottom liquid cooling thermal management system for lithium-ion battery based on multichannel flat tube" . | APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING 219 (2023) . |
| APA | Ren, Ruyang , Zhao, Yaohua , Diao, Yanhua , Liang, Lin . Experimental study on the bottom liquid cooling thermal management system for lithium-ion battery based on multichannel flat tube . | APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING , 2023 , 219 . |
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Abstract ：
The traditional bottom liquid-cooling thermal management system (TMS) has poor cooling performance and is prone to causing significant temperature difference in the lithium-ion battery (LIB) module. In order to solve the above problems, this study takes the Z-shaped micro heat pipe array (MHPA) as the core heat transfer element and establishes a top liquid-cooling (TLC) TMS based on Z-shaped MHPA. The thermal management performance of the TLC TMS based on Z-shaped MHPA is analyzed by comparing it with the traditional bottom liquid-cooling TMS. Results show that under the conditions of 40 & DEG;C ambient temperature and 25 & DEG;C cold water inlet tem-perature, the bottom liquid-cooling TMS can no longer meet the thermal management requirements of the module at a 2C charge-discharge rate. In comparison, the TLC TMS based on Z-shaped MHPA can ensure the module's maximum temperature below 55 & DEG;C, and the battery and module level's temperature difference can be controlled below 4 & DEG;C under 3C charge-discharge rate. The TLC TMS based on Z-shaped MHPA can not only effectively delay the battery's temperature rise under high charge-discharge rate, but also significantly reduce the temperature difference; its thermal management performance is significantly better than the bottom liquid-cooling TMS.
Keyword ：
Top liquid-cooling Top liquid-cooling Lithium-ion battery Lithium-ion battery Z-shaped micro heat pipe array Z-shaped micro heat pipe array Thermal management system Thermal management system
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| GB/T 7714 | Ren, Ruyang , Diao, Yanhua , Zhao, Yaohua et al. Experimental study on top liquid-cooling thermal management system based on Z-shaped micro heat pipe array [J]. | ENERGY , 2023 , 282 . |
| MLA | Ren, Ruyang et al. "Experimental study on top liquid-cooling thermal management system based on Z-shaped micro heat pipe array" . | ENERGY 282 (2023) . |
| APA | Ren, Ruyang , Diao, Yanhua , Zhao, Yaohua , Liang, Lin . Experimental study on top liquid-cooling thermal management system based on Z-shaped micro heat pipe array . | ENERGY , 2023 , 282 . |
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Abstract ：
Lithium-ion batteries, the heart of electric vehicles (EVs), are subject to capacity attenuation and lithium plating at low temperatures, which is essential to preheat lithium-ion batteries at low-temperature ambient. In this study, a battery thermal management system (BTMS) was established to achieve integration of preheating and cooling at the module level through a bent flat micro heat pipe array (FMHPA). As a thermal bridge, the bending FMHPAs realize the separation of the coolant and the battery, non-interference of preheating and cooling, and small space occupation. Heat transfer characteristics of bending FMHPA, preheating performance of the BTMS, and the effect of insulation shell were studied experimentally. Results showed that the effective thermal con-ductivity of Z-shape bending FMHPA is 15,741 Wm-1K-1. The temperature rise rate can reach about 1 degrees C/min at the ambient temperatures of-20,-10 and 0 degrees C. The temperature differences at both cell and module levels are kept within 5 degrees C. The insulation shell with a thickness of 20 mm can increase the temperature rise rate and temperature difference at module level by 41% and 35%, respectively, but with no obvious influence on the active cooling effect at high-temperature ambient.
Keyword ：
Battery thermal management system Battery thermal management system Flat micro heat pipe array Flat micro heat pipe array Preheating Preheating Z-shape bend Z-shape bend
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| GB/T 7714 | Liang, Lin , Zhao, Yaohua , Diao, Yanhua et al. Experimental investigation of preheating performance of lithium-ion battery modules in electric vehicles enhanced by bending flat micro heat pipe array [J]. | APPLIED ENERGY , 2023 , 337 . |
| MLA | Liang, Lin et al. "Experimental investigation of preheating performance of lithium-ion battery modules in electric vehicles enhanced by bending flat micro heat pipe array" . | APPLIED ENERGY 337 (2023) . |
| APA | Liang, Lin , Zhao, Yaohua , Diao, Yanhua , Ren, Ruyang , Zhu, Tingting , Li, Yan . Experimental investigation of preheating performance of lithium-ion battery modules in electric vehicles enhanced by bending flat micro heat pipe array . | APPLIED ENERGY , 2023 , 337 . |
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Abstract ：
This paper presents a new type of split natural cooling system that maximizes the use of natural cold energy to significantly reduce the power consumption of the air conditioning system in data centers. A split natural cooling system module, which consisted of indoor and outdoor heat exchanger based on micro heat pipe arrays connected by liquid circulation system, was selected for experimental research. The heat transfer process and flow characteristics were analyzed under different outdoor environment temperatures, air and water flow rates, and different ratios of heat transfer components (N) of indoor and outdoor heat exchangers. To improve the utilization of natural cold energy, two kinds of heat dissipation conditions, namely room and heat channel-based, were proposed. The indoor temperature of two conditions at 28 degrees C and 38 degrees C were simulated in the laboratory at constant temperature-humidity, respectively. Results indicated that the air flow rate had a greater influence on the heat transfer performance than the water flow rate. The pressure drop of the air and water sides was at a lower level, and the fitting curve of the pressure drop was obtained to provide a reference for the heat exchanger design and equipment selection. When the ratio of heat transfer components (N) of the indoor and outdoor heat exchanger was approximately 0.75, the split natural cooling system showed optimal comprehensive performance. Under heat channel-based conditions, the maximum heat transfer rate reached 12.4 kW, and the maximum energy efficiency ratio was 17.15; the maximum heat transfer rate and the maximum energy efficiency ratio increased by 42.5% and 22.64% compared with the room-based condition, respectively. The fitting curve of the energy efficiency ratio was calculated under different outdoor temperatures at two heat dissipation conditions.
Keyword ：
pressure drop pressure drop energy efficiency ratio energy efficiency ratio micro heat pipe array micro heat pipe array data center data center heat transfer heat transfer split natural cooling system split natural cooling system
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| GB/T 7714 | Jing, Heran , Quan, Zhenhua , Zhao, Yaohua et al. Experimental Investigation of Heat Transfer and Flow Characteristics of Split Natural Cooling System for Data Center Based on Micro Heat Pipe Array [J]. | ENERGIES , 2022 , 15 (12) . |
| MLA | Jing, Heran et al. "Experimental Investigation of Heat Transfer and Flow Characteristics of Split Natural Cooling System for Data Center Based on Micro Heat Pipe Array" . | ENERGIES 15 . 12 (2022) . |
| APA | Jing, Heran , Quan, Zhenhua , Zhao, Yaohua , Wang, Lincheng , Ren, Ruyang , Dong, Ruixue et al. Experimental Investigation of Heat Transfer and Flow Characteristics of Split Natural Cooling System for Data Center Based on Micro Heat Pipe Array . | ENERGIES , 2022 , 15 (12) . |
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Abstract ：
The operation of lithium-ion battery (LIB) at low ambient temperature leads to voltage drop and capacity attenuation. Thus, an effective thermal management system (TMS) is necessary to preheat the LIB at low ambient temperature. In this study, a preheating TMS for LIB based on U-shaped micro heat pipe array (MHPA) is proposed. The preheating performance of the TMS based on U-shaped MHPA is analyzed through the experiments of heat pipe (HP) module covered and not covered with thermal insulation materials (TIMs) and the experiments of different electric heating powers. Results show that after the TIMs are covered, the temperature rise rate of the HP module in the preheating condition is increased by 386%, and the battery can be preheated from -20 ? to 0 ? in 26 min under 32 W electric heating. These findings prove that the TMS has excellent preheating performance. Moreover, the temperature rise rate of the HP module increases only by 9% under 1C charge and discharge after the TIMs are covered, proving that the preheating function of the TMS based on U-shaped MHPA does not interfere with the cooling function. Thus, this study provides guidance for the practical application of TMS. (C) 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keyword ：
Thermal management system Thermal management system U-shaped micro heat pipe array U-shaped micro heat pipe array Lithium-ion battery Lithium-ion battery Low ambient temperature preheating Low ambient temperature preheating
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| GB/T 7714 | Ren, Ruyang , Zhao, Yaohua , Diao, Yanhua et al. Experimental study on preheating thermal management system for lithium-ion battery based on U-shaped micro heat pipe array [J]. | ENERGY , 2022 , 253 . |
| MLA | Ren, Ruyang et al. "Experimental study on preheating thermal management system for lithium-ion battery based on U-shaped micro heat pipe array" . | ENERGY 253 (2022) . |
| APA | Ren, Ruyang , Zhao, Yaohua , Diao, Yanhua , Liang, Lin . Experimental study on preheating thermal management system for lithium-ion battery based on U-shaped micro heat pipe array . | ENERGY , 2022 , 253 . |
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Abstract ：
In this study, a compact ice thermal storage device that combines multichannel flat tube and closed rectangular fins is designed to improve solidification performance. To analyze the heat transfer characteristics and visualize the ice formation process, a numerical model was formulated and solved using enthalpyporosity method. The temperature distribution, liquid fraction, and ice front evolution were studied during solidification process. The effect of heat transfer fluid on the performance of storage device at different inlet temperatures and flow rates was numerically investigated. Results show that when the inlet temperature was reduced from -3 degrees C to -6 degrees C, the ice packing factor increased by 32.2% and the storage power forms a linear relationship with the inlet temperature. When the flow rate was increased from 0.1 m(3)/h to 0.2 m(3)/h, the ice packing factor increased by 8.7% but the effect of flow rate was less obvious than the inlet temperature. Furthermore, the heat transfer characteristics of closed rectangular fins were compared with traditional longitudinal fins. We found that the former can achieve more uniform temperature distribution and a higher ice formation rate. The average solidification enhancement ratios of the both are 2.28 and 2.08, respectively, the former being 9.6% higher than the latter. (C) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keyword ：
Ice thermal storage Ice thermal storage Solidification process Solidification process Multichannel flat tube Multichannel flat tube Numerical simulation Numerical simulation Closed rectangular fin Closed rectangular fin
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| GB/T 7714 | Liu, Zichu , Quan, Zhenhua , Zhao, Yaohua et al. Numerical research on the solidification heat transfer characteristics of ice thermal storage device based on a compact multichannel flat tube-closed rectangular fin heat exchanger [J]. | ENERGY , 2022 , 239 . |
| MLA | Liu, Zichu et al. "Numerical research on the solidification heat transfer characteristics of ice thermal storage device based on a compact multichannel flat tube-closed rectangular fin heat exchanger" . | ENERGY 239 (2022) . |
| APA | Liu, Zichu , Quan, Zhenhua , Zhao, Yaohua , Jing, Heran , Wang, Lincheng , Liu, Xin . Numerical research on the solidification heat transfer characteristics of ice thermal storage device based on a compact multichannel flat tube-closed rectangular fin heat exchanger . | ENERGY , 2022 , 239 . |
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Abstract ：
Phase change thermal storage units (TSUs) that use air as heat transfer fluid (HTF) are in huge demand in the fields of building heating, solar energy utilization, and flue gas heat recovery. Researchers have developed various air-based TSUs and used different methods to optimize their structure. In the current study, the structural parameters of a novel TSU with air as the HTF are optimized using a comprehensive method that combines overall thermal resistance analysis and numerical simulation. The influence of different HTF injection methods on the natural convection of a phase change material (PCM) and the effects of different structural parameters on the TSU's charge performance were investigated. Results indicated that the heat transfer thermal resistance of the developed TSU is mostly concentrated in the PCM side. When the depth direction of the flat tube was perpendicular to the direction of gravity and the HTF adopted side injection, the phase change completion time was shortened by 20.59% compared with that in the original TSU. Thermal resistance balance was achieved in the air and PCM sides when the rib height, pitch, and thickness of the flat tube were 0.03, 0.0232, and 0.00025 m, respectively. At this moment, the compact factor and effectiveness of the novel TSU were 1.63 times and 10.52% higher than those of the original TSU, respectively.
Keyword ：
Phase change thermal storage unit Phase change thermal storage unit Air Air Multichannel flat tube Multichannel flat tube Numerical simulation Numerical simulation Optimization Optimization
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| GB/T 7714 | Chen, C. Q. , Diao, Y. H. , Zhao, Y. H. et al. Numerical investigation of the optimization of phase change thermal storage units with air as heat transfer fluid [J]. | JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE , 2021 , 37 . |
| MLA | Chen, C. Q. et al. "Numerical investigation of the optimization of phase change thermal storage units with air as heat transfer fluid" . | JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE 37 (2021) . |
| APA | Chen, C. Q. , Diao, Y. H. , Zhao, Y. H. , Wang, Z. Y. , Wang, T. Y. , Liang, L. et al. Numerical investigation of the optimization of phase change thermal storage units with air as heat transfer fluid . | JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE , 2021 , 37 . |
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Abstract ：
Air-phase change thermal storage devices are in great demand in the fields of crop drying, flue gas waste heat recovery and building heating. However, the current research on air-phase change thermal storage devices is few and the structure is mostly flat. Based on previous experimental studies, this study used numerical simulation methods to study the thermal performance of four structures of multichannel channel flat tube phase change thermal storage devices to ease the problems of irrational heat transfer structure and low compact factor. The compact factor of the device is improved by changing the height of the flat tube ribs. The effectiveness and specific power are used as evaluation indicators. The results show that when the length of the multichannel flat tube is perpendicular to the direction of gravity and the air is injected from the side, the performance of the device is greatly exerted. Compared with the original research, the phase change completion time is improved by 20.59%. The results show that 0.03 m is a reasonable flat tube rib height. In this case, the compact factor is 61.5%. © 2021, Science Press. All right reserved.
Keyword ：
Waste heat utilization Waste heat utilization Heat transfer performance Heat transfer performance Virtual storage Virtual storage Tubes (components) Tubes (components) Numerical methods Numerical methods Heat storage Heat storage Waste heat Waste heat
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| GB/T 7714 | Chen, Chuan-Qi , Diao, Yan-Hua , Zhao, Yao-Hua et al. Thermal Performance of An Air-multichannel Flat Tube Phase Change Thermal Storage Device [J]. | Journal of Engineering Thermophysics , 2021 , 42 (3) : 724-731 . |
| MLA | Chen, Chuan-Qi et al. "Thermal Performance of An Air-multichannel Flat Tube Phase Change Thermal Storage Device" . | Journal of Engineering Thermophysics 42 . 3 (2021) : 724-731 . |
| APA | Chen, Chuan-Qi , Diao, Yan-Hua , Zhao, Yao-Hua , Wang, Ze-Yu , Liang, Lin , Pang, Ming-Xin . Thermal Performance of An Air-multichannel Flat Tube Phase Change Thermal Storage Device . | Journal of Engineering Thermophysics , 2021 , 42 (3) , 724-731 . |
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