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Abstract ：
This study characterizes the effect on different engineering demand parameters owing to lateral spreading caused by liquefaction. 1 g large-scale shaking table experiments were conducted along with efficient numerical simulations of the pilessupported pier-superstructure system response to strong earthquakes. An integrated nonlinear numerical method was established and evaluated with the results of the shake table experiments, and the seismic response characteristics of the system was discussed by combining the experimental and numerical results. The influence of the initial soil hydraulic conductivity on soil liquefaction was evaluated and the inertia and kinematic effects were evaluated employing cross-correlation analyses. The results indicated that soil softening diminished as the permeability coefficient increased, and consequently the lateral displacements of soil and superstructure decreased, and the superstructure acceleration demand increased. Increased permeability coefficient shifted the fragile location of the piles-supported pier-superstructure from the liquefiable soil bottom to the pier bottom. Finally, the inertial effect increased on pile curvature near pile head while the kinematic effect decreased as the permeability coefficient increased.
Keyword ：
shake table test shake table test lateral spreading lateral spreading permeability coefficient permeability coefficient pile foundation pile foundation numerical simulation numerical simulation liquefaction liquefaction
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| GB/T 7714 | Jia, Kemin , El Naggar, M. Hesham , Xu, Chengshun et al. Seismic behavior of piles-supported pier-superstructure to liquefaction-induced lateral spreading considering variability of soil permeability [J]. | CANADIAN GEOTECHNICAL JOURNAL , 2025 , 62 . |
| MLA | Jia, Kemin et al. "Seismic behavior of piles-supported pier-superstructure to liquefaction-induced lateral spreading considering variability of soil permeability" . | CANADIAN GEOTECHNICAL JOURNAL 62 (2025) . |
| APA | Jia, Kemin , El Naggar, M. Hesham , Xu, Chengshun , Song, Jia , Cui, Chunyi , Du, Xiuli . Seismic behavior of piles-supported pier-superstructure to liquefaction-induced lateral spreading considering variability of soil permeability . | CANADIAN GEOTECHNICAL JOURNAL , 2025 , 62 . |
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Abstract ：
Due to the planning of the subway route, it is difficult to avoid crossing soft soil site conditions at subway stations. The seismic response of subway station structures is closely related to the surrounding soil site. In this paper, centrifuge shaking table tests were designed and carried out for subway station structures at three typical soft soil sites (all-clay site, liquefiable interlayer site, and fully liquefiable site). The test results are as follows. The structure is most severely damaged in all-clay site, while the damage is low in liquefiable interlayer site and fully liquefiable site. For liquefiable sites, site liquefaction results in a lower soil-structure stiffness ratio. Thus liquefiable interlayer site and fully liquefiable site provide a natural seismic isolation system for structures compared to all-clay site. The limits of the inter-story drift ratio of the structure were used to evaluate the post-earthquake performance stages of the model structure in the three sites. In all-clay site, the structure is in the "immediately operational" stage after the loading condition of 0.1g and 0.32g, and in the "reparable operational" stage after the loading condition of 0.52g and 0.72g. In the liquefiable interlayer site and full liquefiable site, the underground structure is in the "normal operational" stage after the loading condition of 0.1g and in the "immediately operational" stage after the loading condition of 0.32g-0.72g.
Keyword ：
Soft soil site Soft soil site Subway station structure Subway station structure Centrifuge shaking table test Centrifuge shaking table test Seismic response Seismic response
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| GB/T 7714 | Yan, Guanyu , Xu, Chengshun , Zhang, Zihong et al. Series of centrifuge shaking table tests study on seismic response of subway station structures in soft soil sites [J]. | UNDERGROUND SPACE , 2025 , 21 : 232-251 . |
| MLA | Yan, Guanyu et al. "Series of centrifuge shaking table tests study on seismic response of subway station structures in soft soil sites" . | UNDERGROUND SPACE 21 (2025) : 232-251 . |
| APA | Yan, Guanyu , Xu, Chengshun , Zhang, Zihong , Wang, Xuelai , Du, Xiuli . Series of centrifuge shaking table tests study on seismic response of subway station structures in soft soil sites . | UNDERGROUND SPACE , 2025 , 21 , 232-251 . |
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Abstract ：
A series of undrained cyclic torsional shear tests were conducted to investigate the effect of cyclic loading frequency on the liquefaction characteristics of saturated sand using the hollow cylinder apparatus. The test results show that the dilative and contractive tendencies of various saturated sands are not only related to the physical properties of sand, but also affected by loading frequency. Under low-frequency loading, the saturated sand has a dilative behaviour, excess pore water pressure fluctuates after initial liquefaction and soil maintains the ability to resist liquefaction to some extent after the initial liquefaction. The liquefaction mode in terms of stress-strain relationship generally performs as the "cyclic mobility". However, under the high-frequency loading, the saturated sand has a contractive behaviour, excess pore water pressure generally keeps stable after the initial liquefaction. The liquefaction mode in terms of stress-strain relationship generally exhibits as "cyclic instability". The deformation caused by low-frequency loading is significantly larger compared with that caused by high-frequency loading. At higher loading frequencies, the phase transformation stress ratio increases with the increase of loading frequency, and gradually approaches the failure stress ratio.
Keyword ：
Cycle loading frequency Cycle loading frequency Phase transformation stress ratio Phase transformation stress ratio Dilative and contractive tendencies Dilative and contractive tendencies Excess pore water pressure Excess pore water pressure Sand liquefaction Sand liquefaction
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| GB/T 7714 | Xu, Chengshun , Yue, Chong , Du, Xiuli et al. Experimental study on the influence of cyclic loading frequency on liquefaction characteristics of saturated sand [J]. | GEOTECHNIQUE , 2024 . |
| MLA | Xu, Chengshun et al. "Experimental study on the influence of cyclic loading frequency on liquefaction characteristics of saturated sand" . | GEOTECHNIQUE (2024) . |
| APA | Xu, Chengshun , Yue, Chong , Du, Xiuli , Liang, Ke , Wang, Bing , Chen, Guoxing . Experimental study on the influence of cyclic loading frequency on liquefaction characteristics of saturated sand . | GEOTECHNIQUE , 2024 . |
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Abstract ：
This study investigates the seismic response and failure mode of a pile-structure system in a liquefiable site by employing a numerical simulation model combined with the shaking-table results of a soil-pile-structure dynamic system. The pile and soil responses obtained from the numerical simulations agreed well with the experimental results. The slopes of the dynamic shear-stress-shear-strain hysteretic curves at different positions also exhibited a decreasing trend, indicating that the shear strength of the soil in all parts of the foundation decreased. The peak acceleration of the soil and pile was not clearly amplified in the saturated sand layer but appeared to be amplified in the top part. The maximum bending moments appeared in the middle and lower parts of the pile shaft; however, the shear forces at the corresponding positions were not large. It can be observed from the deformation mode of the pile-group foundation that a typical bending failure is caused by an excessive bending moment in the middle of the pile shaft if the link between the pile top and cap is articulated, and sufficient attention should be paid to the bending failure in the middle of the pile shaft.
Keyword ：
failure model failure model pile foundation pile foundation seismic responses seismic responses soil liquefaction soil liquefaction numerical simulation numerical simulation shaking-table experiment shaking-table experiment
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| GB/T 7714 | Dou, Pengfei , Liu, Hao , Xu, Chengshun et al. Numerical analysis on seismic response and failure mechanism of articulated pile-structure system in a liquefiable site from shaking-table experiments [J]. | FRONTIERS OF STRUCTURAL AND CIVIL ENGINEERING , 2024 , 18 (7) : 1117-1133 . |
| MLA | Dou, Pengfei et al. "Numerical analysis on seismic response and failure mechanism of articulated pile-structure system in a liquefiable site from shaking-table experiments" . | FRONTIERS OF STRUCTURAL AND CIVIL ENGINEERING 18 . 7 (2024) : 1117-1133 . |
| APA | Dou, Pengfei , Liu, Hao , Xu, Chengshun , Wang, Jinting , Sun, Yilong , Du, Xiuli . Numerical analysis on seismic response and failure mechanism of articulated pile-structure system in a liquefiable site from shaking-table experiments . | FRONTIERS OF STRUCTURAL AND CIVIL ENGINEERING , 2024 , 18 (7) , 1117-1133 . |
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Abstract ：
Pre-event interventions, such as retrofit of critical components, are effective strategies to improve the seismic performance and resilience of infrastructure systems. This paper proposes a damage scenario reduction method aims to reduce the computation burden within the seismic retrofit optimization for water distribution systems (WDSs) considering the uncertain damages of pipelines. The optimization framework consists of a multi-objective optimization model for WDS pipeline retrofit and a sequential optimization model for the reduction of uncertain damage scenarios. The multi-objective optimization model is established to minimize the retrofit cost and maximize the seismic performance of WDS. The sequential optimization model, namely weighted optimization-based probabilistic scenarios (OPS + W), was designed to mitigate the computational burden of the multi-objective optimization model, which arises from considering pipeline damage uncertainties through quasi-Monte Carlo (QMC) sampling that generates numerous damage scenarios. The OPS + W selects a few representative damage scenarios from numerous QMC scenarios, aiming to minimize the error of pipeline damage probabilities counted by the representative scenarios, where the error is weighted by the importance of pipeline. The effectiveness of OPS + W is verified through its application in seismic retrofit optimization of two WDS cases and compared with other scenario reduction methods. Application results reveal that the retrofit strategies derived from OPS + W have the highest similarity to those obtained from QMC scenarios while requiring only 3 %-10 % of the computation time compared to using QMC scenarios.
Keyword ：
Seismic retrofit Seismic retrofit Water distribution system Water distribution system Scenario reduction Scenario reduction Optimization model Optimization model
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| GB/T 7714 | Hou, Benwei , Yang, Chengxin , Wu, Shan et al. Seismic retrofit optimization of water distribution systems based on the reduction of uncertain damage scenarios [J]. | INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DISASTER RISK REDUCTION , 2024 , 112 . |
| MLA | Hou, Benwei et al. "Seismic retrofit optimization of water distribution systems based on the reduction of uncertain damage scenarios" . | INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DISASTER RISK REDUCTION 112 (2024) . |
| APA | Hou, Benwei , Yang, Chengxin , Wu, Shan , Miao, Huiquan , Xu, Chengshun . Seismic retrofit optimization of water distribution systems based on the reduction of uncertain damage scenarios . | INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DISASTER RISK REDUCTION , 2024 , 112 . |
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Abstract ：
The Kahramanmaras earthquake sequence that occurred in Turkey on Feb. 6, 2023 caused significant casualties and economic losses, which may relate to its distinct characteristics. This paper establishes optimal intensity measures (IMs) and vector-valued fragility curves for subway station structures considering the Kahramanmaras motion record characteristics. The seismic records are analyzed in terms of time-history, response spectrum, and seismic IMs, and a numerical model of a subway station with two-story and three-span is developed considering the concrete damage and nonlinear behavior of soil. The optimal IMs are selected according to criteria of efficiency, practicality, proficiency and goodness of fit. Based on the optimal IMs, vector-valued fragility surfaces are developed, and the differences in damage probability between the vector-valued fragility curves and scalarvalued fragility curves are analyzed. The results indicate that the velocity time-histories of the 12 mainshock records exhibit pulse-like characteristics with large peak velocities and displacements along with high amplitudes of the response spectra at longer periods. The velocity-based IM, Vsi, is found to be most suitable for probabilistic seismic demand analysis under the Kahramanmaras earthquake, and along with PGA is utilized as elements for vector-valued IM. Finally, the scalar-valued fragility curves may underestimate or overestimate the failure probability, while vector-valued fragility curves can offer a more accurate failure probability for specific characteristics IMs.
Keyword ：
Optimal IMs Optimal IMs Kahramanmaras earthquake Kahramanmaras earthquake Vector -valued fragility Vector -valued fragility Subway station Subway station
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| GB/T 7714 | Guo, Zhike , Han, Junyan , El Naggar, M. Hesham et al. Vector-valued fragility analysis of subway station structures subjected to the Kahramanmaras earthquake [J]. | SOIL DYNAMICS AND EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING , 2024 , 182 . |
| MLA | Guo, Zhike et al. "Vector-valued fragility analysis of subway station structures subjected to the Kahramanmaras earthquake" . | SOIL DYNAMICS AND EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING 182 (2024) . |
| APA | Guo, Zhike , Han, Junyan , El Naggar, M. Hesham , Bi, Yansong , Xu, Chengshun , Du, Xiuli . Vector-valued fragility analysis of subway station structures subjected to the Kahramanmaras earthquake . | SOIL DYNAMICS AND EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING , 2024 , 182 . |
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Abstract ：
本文以某两层两跨地铁车站结构为研究对象，采用地下结构Pushover分析方法分别对橡胶支座不同刚度和不同布设位置条件下地铁车站结构的地震破坏反应特点进行对比分析，进一步揭示了地铁车站结构布设橡胶隔震支座的最优刚度和最优布设位置。研究结果表明：（1）柱子一端布设橡胶支座后，对于柱子顶、底端剪力均有明显的减震效果，而对于弯矩仅在布设支座端表现出良好的减震效果；（2）对于地铁车站结构，柱子端部布设橡胶支座时其刚度比的优选范围为0.1左右；（3）仅在两层两跨车站结构某一层布设支座，当支座位于中板侧时，未布设支座层的中柱会出现损伤增大的现象；（4）在结构每层中柱均布设一个支座时，结构上柱顶部和下柱底部同时布设支座时柱子的损伤略低于其他位置工况；（5）两层两跨车站结构布设三个支座时，总体来讲此时所有中柱均取得良好的减震效果，尤其对于中柱顶、底端完全布设的柱子，其减震效果更为明显。
Keyword ：
橡胶减震支座 橡胶减震支座 柱子 柱子 最优刚度 最优刚度 地铁车站结构 地铁车站结构 最优布设位置 最优布设位置
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| GB/T 7714 | 李洋 , 杜贺港 , 张梓鸿 et al. 橡胶减震支座应用于两层两跨地铁车站结构中最优刚度和最优位置研究 [J]. | 震灾防御技术 , 2024 , 19 (02) : 342-354 . |
| MLA | 李洋 et al. "橡胶减震支座应用于两层两跨地铁车站结构中最优刚度和最优位置研究" . | 震灾防御技术 19 . 02 (2024) : 342-354 . |
| APA | 李洋 , 杜贺港 , 张梓鸿 , 许成顺 , 麻全周 . 橡胶减震支座应用于两层两跨地铁车站结构中最优刚度和最优位置研究 . | 震灾防御技术 , 2024 , 19 (02) , 342-354 . |
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Abstract ：
When an underground structure passes through a liquefiable soil layer, the soil liquefaction may pose a significant threat to the structure. A centrifuge shaking table test was performed to research the seismic response of underground structures in liquefiable interlayer sites, and a valid numerical model was obtained through simulation model test. Finally, the calibrated numerical model was used to perform further research on the influence of various distribution characteristics of liquefiable interlayers on the seismic reaction of underground structures. The key findings are as follows. The structure faces the most unfavorable condition once a liquefiable layer is located in the middle of the underground structure. When a liquefiable layer exists in the middle of the structure, the seismic reactions of both the underground structure and model site will increase with the rise of the thickness of the liquefiable interlayer. The inter-story drift of the structure in the non-liquefiable site is much smaller than that in the liquefiable interlayer site. The inter-story drift of the structure is not only associated with the site displacement and the soil-structure stiffness ratio but also closely associated with the slippage of the soil-structure contact interface under the condition of large deformation of the site.
Keyword ：
liquefiable interlayer sites liquefiable interlayer sites underground structure underground structure seismic response seismic response validation of numerical model validation of numerical model centrifuge shaking table test centrifuge shaking table test
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| GB/T 7714 | Yan, Guanyu , Xu, Chengshun , Zhang, Zihong et al. Numerical analysis on seismic performance of underground structures in liquefiable interlayer sites from centrifuge shaking table test [J]. | EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING VIBRATION , 2024 , 23 (4) : 781-798 . |
| MLA | Yan, Guanyu et al. "Numerical analysis on seismic performance of underground structures in liquefiable interlayer sites from centrifuge shaking table test" . | EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING VIBRATION 23 . 4 (2024) : 781-798 . |
| APA | Yan, Guanyu , Xu, Chengshun , Zhang, Zihong , Du, Xiuli , Wang, Xuelai . Numerical analysis on seismic performance of underground structures in liquefiable interlayer sites from centrifuge shaking table test . | EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING VIBRATION , 2024 , 23 (4) , 781-798 . |
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Abstract ：
震害防御投资是减轻震害损失的必要条件,投资标准应是考虑震害防御目标与整个社会利益权衡下的决策结果,但以往尚少研究.文中通过对具有广泛性、代表性和权威性的调查分析,得到了我国专业群体对典型建筑物震害防御投资可接受能力的认识,阐明了地震风险区、建筑抗震类别和设防目标对抗震投资决策的影响规律.采用综合分析,提出了典型建筑物震害防御投资推荐标准,可供制定相关政策法规与工程建设参考.
Keyword ：
抗震投资标准 抗震投资标准 设防目标 设防目标 地震风险区 地震风险区 建筑物 建筑物 建筑抗震类别 建筑抗震类别
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| GB/T 7714 | 袁近远 , 苏安双 , 许成顺 et al. 典型建筑物震害防御投资标准研究 [J]. | 世界地震工程 , 2024 , 40 (4) : 190-198 . |
| MLA | 袁近远 et al. "典型建筑物震害防御投资标准研究" . | 世界地震工程 40 . 4 (2024) : 190-198 . |
| APA | 袁近远 , 苏安双 , 许成顺 , 王兰民 , 陈龙伟 , 袁晓铭 . 典型建筑物震害防御投资标准研究 . | 世界地震工程 , 2024 , 40 (4) , 190-198 . |
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Abstract ：
A one-g shake table experiment was performed to reveal the failure mechanism of the pile group in sloping liquefiable soils with crusts. The results show that the shallow saturated sand exhibits the alternate behavior of dilatancy and shrinkage, which induces high-frequency peak acceleration. In addition, larger PGA tends to transfer vulnerable positions of the pile in the liquefiable layer from the shallow layer to the interface. Moreover, the pile group effect mainly manifested in piles at the bottom of saturated sand and pile-head during strong earthquakes.
Keyword ：
crust crust shake-table test shake-table test liquefaction liquefaction seismic failure mechanism seismic failure mechanism Pile foundation Pile foundation lateral spreading lateral spreading
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| GB/T 7714 | Jia, Kemin , Xu, Chengshun , Dou, Pengfei et al. Seismic Behavior and Failure Mechanism of Pile-Group in Mildly Sloping Liquefiable Soils with Crusts: Large-Scale Shaking Table Experiment [J]. | JOURNAL OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING , 2023 , 27 (15) : 4260-4287 . |
| MLA | Jia, Kemin et al. "Seismic Behavior and Failure Mechanism of Pile-Group in Mildly Sloping Liquefiable Soils with Crusts: Large-Scale Shaking Table Experiment" . | JOURNAL OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING 27 . 15 (2023) : 4260-4287 . |
| APA | Jia, Kemin , Xu, Chengshun , Dou, Pengfei , Zhang, Xiaoling , Song, Jia . Seismic Behavior and Failure Mechanism of Pile-Group in Mildly Sloping Liquefiable Soils with Crusts: Large-Scale Shaking Table Experiment . | JOURNAL OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING , 2023 , 27 (15) , 4260-4287 . |
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