Vehicle　exhaust　has　been　important　source　of　atmospheric　pollution　in　China.　In　terms　of　the　environmental　effects　of　vehicle　emission　control　policies　(VECPs),　changes　in　air　pollutants　and　greenhouse　gases　(GHG)　emissions　are　receiving　increasing　attention.　Hubei　has　implemented　many　traffic　controls　to　accelerate　pollution　abatement.　However,　few　studies　have　reported　how　they　would　affect　pollutant　emissions　in　Hubei　in　the　future,　as　most　concentrate　on　assessments　during　COVID-19.　Further,　there　has　been　little　research　on　whether　these　controls　bring　observable　health　benefits.　Thus,　this　study　comprehensively　evaluates　the　emission　of　major　air　pollutants　(including　NOx,　CO,　VOCs,　PM2.5,　PM10,　and　PMTSP)　and　GHGs　(CO2,　CH4,　and　N2O)　from　the　transportation　sector　concerning　different　VECPs　in　Hubei　during　2015–2050,　together　with　health　outcomes.　It　highlights　that　individual　VECPs　contribute　differently　to　environmental　and　health　benefits,　encouraging　innovation　in　mechanisms　and　technologies　to　mitigate　atmospheric　pollution　while　generating　health　benefits.　©　2023　Elsevier　Ltd