In　this　study,　an　innovative　prefabricated　lightweight　steel　frame　with　thin-walled　steel　skeleton-lightweight　concrete　composite　wall　structure　(LSF-TSLC)　is　proposed.　The　proposed　LSF-TSLC　has　the　lightweight　steel　frame　(LSF)　as　the　vertical　load-bearing　system,　whereas　the　thin-walled　steel　skeleton-lightweight　concrete　composite　wall　(TSLC)　acts　as　the　main　component　for　horizontal　earthquake　resistance.　A　full-scale　LSF　specimen　and　three　full-scale　LSF-TSLC　specimens　were　prepared　considering　the　variables　of　wall　installation　method　(embedded,　external)　and　thin-walled　steel　skeleton　distribution　(frame　type,　truss　type).　The　corresponding　seismic　behavior　was　experimentally　investigated　by　evaluating　the　hysteretic　characteristics,　failure　mode,　ultimate　bearing　capacity,　deformation　performance,　stiffness　degradation,　energy　dissipation,　and　strain　characteristics.　The　results　showed　that　the　plastic　hinges　appeared　at　the　beam　ends　and　column　bases　of　LSF.　Due　to　the　shear　failure,　the　embedded　and　external　TSLC　exhibited　grid　cracks　and　diagonal　cracks,　respectively.　The　LSF　and　TSLC　had　a　good　coordinating　deformation　capacity,　while　the　LSF-TSLC　structure　had　two　seismic　fortification　lines.　Compared　with　LSF,　the　ultimate　bearing　capacity　and　stiffness　of　LSF-TSLC　were　increased　by　2.1　times　and　5.1　times,　respectively.　The　deformation　capacity　and　energy　dissipation　of　LSF-TSLC　were　significantly　improved　compared　to　LSF.　The　self-tapping　nail　joint　of　the　embedded　wall　and　the　high-strength　bolt　joint　of　the　external　wall　had　reliable　connectivity　performance.　The　numerical　simulation　of　LSF　were　conducted　to　verify　the　plastic　analysis　model　for　LSF.　And　the　ultimate　bearing　capacity　calculation　method　for　the　LSF-TSLC　structure　was　proposed　based　on　the　Strut-and-Tie　model.