With　the　widespread　use　of　plastics　globally,　the　issue　of　microplastic　(MP)　pollution　has　escalated　into　a　significant　social　and　environmental　concern.　This　paper　seeks　to　comprehensively　review　the　environmental　hazards　associated　with　MPs　and　to　present　the　latest　analytical　techniques　and　countermeasures.　By　analyzing　the　global　distribution　of　MPs　and　the　hazards　they　pose　to　the　human　body,　it　is　found　that　MPs　come　from　a　variety　of　sources　and　are　widely　distributed,　and　that　their　hazards　cover　the　whole　body,　but　there　is　a　lack　of　specific　dose　analyses　and　acute　toxicity　analyses.　To　address　the　challenges　of　industrial-scale　MP　treatment,　numerous　advanced　theories　and　methods　have　been　developed,　providing　valuable　insights　for　effective　remediation.　Despite　these　advancements,　notable　limitations　persist,　particularly　in　the　treatment　of　MPs　in　residential　water　supplies.　Furthermore,　this　review　identifies　promising　approaches　in　the　utilization　of　microorganisms　and　the　synergistic　mechanisms　of　enzymes　for　MP　pollution　mitigation.　Additionally,　the　urgent　need　for　the　development　of　standardized　methods　and　a　comprehensive　legal　framework　for　the　isolation　and　detection　of　MPs　across　various　environmental　media　is　underscored,　providing　novel　perspectives　on　the　study　of　MPs.　©　2024　Elsevier　B.V.