CULTIVATING　students＇　software　design　capabilities　through　effective　training　has　always　been　a　challenge　in　software　education.　This　paper　is　aimed　at　addressing　this　issue　by　adopting　a　multi-scenario　case　study　approach　to　examine　the　independent　design　processes　of　23　undergraduate　students　on　an　online　teaching　system.　The　selected　case　scenario　models　include　transaction　flow　diagrams　(TFDs),　activity　diagrams,　sequence　diagrams,　and　entity-relationship　(ER)　diagrams.　By　analyzing　students＇　behavioral　performances　and　design　outcomes,　a　series　of　common　phenomena　are　identified.　These　phenomena　encompass　common　errors,　such　as　overlooking　key　steps,　struggling　to　distinguish　similar　data　objects,　and　omitting　critical　entities　or　attributes.　Common　behaviors　include　offering　various　solutions,　facing　challenges　in　achieving　specific　design　goals　due　to　a　lack　of　prior　experience,　and　experiencing　difficulties　meeting　requirements　using　prescribed　syntax.　Common　approaches　to　assist　students　include　providing　reference　software,　adopting　teamwork　for　idea　generation,　and　allowing　iterative　modifications　to　improve　outcomes.　Based　on　these　common　phenomena　exhibited　by　students,　several　recommendations　are　provided　for　software　educators　to　enhance　the　development　of　students＇　software　design　capabilities,　which　mainly　include　considering　students＇　prior　experience　in　assignments,　providing　design　references　for　unfamiliar　software,　encouraging　peer　discussions　and　multiple　iterations,　and　guiding　students　towards　continuous　improvement　rather　than　disregarding　unconventional　outcomes.　The　common　phenomena　identified　in　this　paper　seamlessly　integrate　with　software　design　education,　reflecting　its　distinct　characteristics.　Those　common　phenomena　will　help　researchers　understand　student　needs　and　challenges.　Additionally,　the　research　design,　which　analyzes　student　behaviors　based　on　their　software　design　outcomes,　provides　a　fresh　perspective　in　the　field.　Furthermore,　the　conclusions　drawn　in　this　paper　offer　valuable　insights　for　educators　who　aim　to　enhance　classroom　experiences　in　software　design　courses.