Anaerobic　ammonium　oxidation　(anammox)　has　drawn　increasing　attention　as　a　promising　option　to　energy-neutral　wastewater　treatment.　While　anammox　process　still　faces　challenges　in　the　low-strength　and　organics-contained　mu-nicipal　wastewater　due　to　its　susceptibility　and　the　technical　gaps　in　substrate　supply.　Effective　strategies　for　extensive　implementation　of　anammox　in　municipal　wastewater　treatment　plants　(WWTPs)　remain　poorly　summarized.　In　view　of　the　significance　and　necessity　of　introducing　anammox　into　mainstream　treatment,　the　growing　understanding　not　only　at　level　of　microbial　interactions　but　also　on　view　of　upgrading　municipal　WWTPs　with　anammox-based　processes　need　to　be　considered　urgently.　In　this　review,　the　critical　view　and　comprehensive　analysis　were　offered　from　the　per-spective　of　microbial　interactions　within　partial　nitrification-and　partial　denitrification-based　anammox　processes.　To　minimize　the　microbial　competition　and　enhance　the　cooperation　among　anammox　bacteria　and　other　functional　bac-teria,　targeted　control　strategies　were　systematically　evaluated.　Based　on　the　comprehensive　overview　of　recent　ad-vances,　the　combination　of　flexible　regulation　of　input　organic　carbon　with　anaerobic/oxic/anoxic　process　and　the　integration　of　sludge　fermentation　with　anoxic　biofilms　in　anaerobic/anoxic/oxic　process　were　proposed　as　promising　solutions　to　upgrade　municipal　WWTPs　with　anammox　technology.　Furthermore,　a　new　perspective　of　coupling　anammox　with　denitrifying　dephosphatation　was　proposed　as　a　promising　method　for　in-depth　nutrients　removal　from　carbon-limit　municipal　wastewater　in　this　study.　This　review　provides　the　critical　and　comprehensive　viewpoints　on　anammox　engineering　in　municipal　wastewater　and　paves　the　way　for　the　anammox-based　upgrading　of　municipal　WWTPs.