The　application　of　anaerobic　ammonia　oxidation　(Anammox)　is　of　great　significance　due　to　its　eco-friendly　potential.　Besides　conventional　nitrite-dependent　Anammox　(N-Anammox),　sulfate　can　also　serve　as　an　electron　acceptor　for　ammonia　oxidation　under　anaerobic　conditions　(S-Anammox).　For　the　first　time,　an　innovative　process　integrating　partial　nitrification,　N-Anammox,　and　S-Anammox　(P-NA/SA)　in　one　single　system,　was　applied　herein　to　treat　mature　landfill　leachate　(1079.6　mg/L　NH4+-N,　1584.4　mg/L　SO42--S)　with　oxic/anoxic　operation　mode.　After　180　days　of　continuous　operation,　the　nitrogen　and　sulfate　removal　efficiencies　of　95.7%　and　24.3%,　respectively,　were　obtained.　Importantly,　valuable　elemental　sulfur　was　recovered　with　an　average　efficiency　of　21.9%.　Isotope　analysis　confirmed　that　N-Anammox　and　S-Anammox　contributed　to　65.6%　and　27.5%　of　total　inorganic　nitrogen　removal,　respectively.　Furthermore,　S-Anammox　was　identified　as　a　step-wise　bioprocess,　with　biologically　generated　NO2−-N　and　S2−　as　intermediates.　With　enhancement　of　S-Anammox,　partial　nitrification　pretreatment-step　for　nitrite　generation　in　oxic　stage　became　less　necessary,　leading　to　a　remarkable　44%　saving　in　aeration　energy　consumption.　The　Anammox　bacteria　gene　(hydrazine　synthase,　HzsB)　was　highly　abundant　(1.2–2.5　×　108　copies/g·SS),　with　the　dominant　Anammox　genus　transforming　from　Candidatus_Kuenenia　(4.6%→2.1%)　to　Candidatus_Brocadia　(0.3%→3.2%).　Anammox-mediated　biotechnology　by　coupling　N-Anammox　and　S-Anammox　offers　new　insights　into　sustainable　treatment　of　ammonia-　and　sulfate-containing　wastewater.　©　2023