Mechanical　equipment　is　ubiquitous　in　industrial　production,　and　the　vibration　energy　generated　by　its　operation　usually　cannot　be　effectively　harvested,　resulting　in　huge　energy　waste.　Meanwhile,　real-time　monitoring　of　machine　operation　can　be　achieved　by　collecting　vibration　information.　Indeed,　vibration　energy　harvesting　and　vibration　monitoring　are　of　great　significance　for　the　development　of　green　energy　and　machine　fault　diagnosis.　As　an　emerging　power　generation　technology,　triboelectric　nanogenerator　(TENG)　has　shown　extraordinary　potential　in　the　field　of　vibration　energy　harvesting　and　vibration　monitoring.　First,　the　theoretical　basis,　working　modes,　and　triboelectric　materials　are　described.　Then,　TENG　devices　for　vibration　energy　harvesting　are　classified　and　introduced　based　on　the　structural　characteristics,　and　the　main　advantages　and　disadvantages　are　compared.　Furthermore,　the　current　research　progress　of　a　self-powered　vibration　monitoring　system　based　on　TENG　is　introduced.　Finally,　the　shortcomings　of　triboelectric　nanogenerators　in　this　field　are　analyzed　and　summarized,　and　future　research　directions　and　application　scenarios　are　prospected.　©　2023　Wiley-VCH　GmbH.