Typical　usage　scenarios　for　energy　storage　and　electric　vehicles　(EVs)　require　lithium-ion　batteries　(LIBs)　to　operate　under　extreme　conditions,　including　varying　temperatures,　high　charge/discharge　rates,　and　various　depths　of　charge　and　discharge,　while　also　fulfilling　vehicle-to-grid　(V2G)　interaction　requirements.　This　study　empirically　investigates　the　impact　of　ambient　temperature,　charge/discharge　rate,　and　charge/discharge　cut-off　voltage　on　the　capacity　degradation　rate　and　internal　resistance　growth　of　18,650　commercial　LIBs.　The　charge/discharge　rate　was　found　to　have　the　most　significant　influence　on　these　parameters,　particularly　the　charging　rate.　These　insights　contribute　to　a　better　understanding　of　the　risks　associated　with　low-temperature　aging　and　can　aid　in　the　prevention　or　mitigation　of　safety　incidents.