With　the　popularity　of　electric　vehicles　and　climate　change,　it　has　become　a　typical　scene　to　charge　lithium-ion　batteries　(LIBs)　at　low　temperatures　at　a　high　rate.　Low　temperature　and　high-rate　charge　and　discharge　would　change　the　performance　and　then　affect　temperature　rises,　heat　production　and　thermal　runaway　(TR)　characteristics.　This　study　tests　the　temperature　rises　of　aging　18650　LIBs　at　various　ambient　temperatures　and　charge　and　discharge　rates.　The　entropy　and　enthalpy　changes　of　the　batteries　are　computed　based　on　the　entropy　coefficients,　and　subsequently,　the　heat　productions　of　the　batteries　are　computed.　The　TR　test　is　carried　out　to　explore　the　influence　of　rapid　aging　at　low　temperature　environment　on　the　thermal　safety　of　LIBs.　In　this　work,　the　heat　generation　mechanism　and　thermal　runaway　characteristics　of　lithium-ion　batteries　after　low-temperature　and　high-rate　cyclic　aging　are　introduced　in　detail,　aiming　to　provide　a　reference　for　the　process　safe　design　and　application　of　lithium-ion　batteries　at　low-temperature　and　fast　charging　scenarios.　©　2024　The　Institution　of　Chemical　Engineers