The　Ming　Great　Wall　is　one　of　the　most　remarkable　engineering　achievements　in　human　history,　with　traditional　mortar　and　bricks　playing　a　critical　role　in　maintaining　its　stability.　Drawing　from　the　research　and　restoration　project　of　the　Dazhuangke　section　of　the　Ming　Great　Wall　in　Beijing,　this　study　systematically　investigates　the　material　composition,　production　techniques,　microstructural　evolution,　and　mechanical　properties　of　the　ancient　paste　and　bricks.　Additionally,　it　contrasts　the　composition　and　performance　of　modern　restoration　materials　with　those　of　the　original　materials,　while　examining　the　interface　interactions　between　ancient　paste　and　bricks.　The　findings　reveal　that　the　paste　used　in　the　Ming　Great　Wall　is　dolomitic　lime,　an　air-hardening　binder　without　aggregate　components.　Over　time,　the　Ca　and/or　Mg　hydroxides　within　the　paste　has　fully　carbonated　into　calcium　and/or　magnesium　carbonates,　which　enhances　the　paste＇s　performance,　resulting　in　an　average　compressive　strength　of　1.62　MPa.　The　bricks,　fired　from　low-calcium　clay　at　temperatures　between　850　and　1000　degrees　C,　exhibit　an　average　compressive　strength　of　5.81　MPa.　An　interfacial　transition　zone,　extending　100-200　mu　m　into　the　brick　surface,　is　formed　by　the　ancient　paste,　demonstrating　excellent　adhesion　with　an　average　bond　strength　of　0.55　MPa.　This　interfacial　zone　is　primarily　formed　through　physical　interlocking　and　chemical　bonding.　Physical　interlocking　occurs　when　Ca　and/or　Mg　hydroxides　penetrates　the　porous　brick　surface　and　carbonates　into　calcium　and/or　magnesium　carbonates,　while　chemical　bonding　results　from　Ca　(OH)2/Mg(OH)2　infiltrating　the　brick　and　reacting　with　amorphous　substances　to　generate　hydration　products.　The　preserved　ancient　paste,　bricks,　and　other　traditional　materials　serve　as　invaluable　scientific　references,　offering　notable　advantages　in　terms　of　durability,　compatibility　with　heritage　structures,　and　environmental　sustainability.　By　examining　the　scientific　principles　behind　traditional　materials　and　addressing　their　limitations,　we　can　better　leverage　their　benefits　in　cultural　heritage　preservation.　Furthermore,　this　research　provides　insights　that　can　inspire　the　development　of　a　new　generation　of　restoration　materials,　contributing　to　the　advancement　of　conservation　technology.