This　review　explores　the　correlation　of　non-alcoholic　fatty　liver　disease　(NAFLD)　with　cognitive　function　and　brain　changes.　A　comprehensive　search　of　relevant　studies　in　the　PubMed　database　up　to　June　2024　was　conducted,　including　various　study　designs　such　as　cross-sectional,　longitudinal,　case-control,　and　cohort　studies.　Data　were　extracted　from　24　studies,　focusing　on　study　design,　sample　size,　NAFLD　diagnosis,　control　of　confounders,　key　findings,　and　limitations.　Neuropsychological　tests　utilized　within　each　study　were　grouped　into　relevant　cognitive　domains.　Statistical　analyses　and　comparisons　were　also　performed　on　the　observed　changes　in　brain　parameters　across　the　studies.　The　meta-analysis　on　the　domain　of　general　cognition　was　conducted.　Results　indicated　that　NAFLD　was　significantly　associated　with　general　cognition,　executive　function,　attention,　and　memory.　NAFLD　impacts　the　total　brain　volume,　the　volumes　of　specific　brain　regions　and　certain　high-intensity　brain　regions,　the　cerebral　blood　flow　and　perfusion,　the　integrity　of　nerve　fiber　bundles,　and　the　brain　abnormalities　or　lesions　such　as　cerebral　hemorrhage,　cerebral　microbleeds,　and　white　matter　lesions.　NAFLD　also　affects　the　thickness　and　surface　area　of　certain　cortical　regions　and　the　resting-state　brain　function　MRI　indicators　in　specific　brain　areas.　Despite　these　findings,　the　included　studies　varied　in　design,　population　characteristics,　and　outcome　measures,　which　introduced　heterogeneity　that　might　influence　the　generalizability　of　the　results.　Overall,　NAFLD　is　associated　with　a　decline　in　cognitive　function　and　alterations　in　certain　brain　parameters.　Furthermore,　NAFLD　may　exert　its　influence　on　cognition　by　impacting　brain　structure.