Due　to　the　excellent　performance　of　two-dimensional　materials　compared　with　conventional　materials　in　many　aspects,　researchers　have　paid　extensive　attention　to　two-dimensional　materials.　At　present,　two-dimensional　materials　have　become　a　research　hotspot　in　various　fields,　and　are　widely　used　in　biomedicine,　electronics,　optoelectronics　and　catalysis.　This　paper　mainly　summarizes　and　discusses　the　application　of　two-dimensional　materials　in　optical　sensing　in　the　biomedical　field.　This　paper　mainly　discusses　the　generation　and　development　of　two-dimensional　materials,　the　advantages　and　disadvantages　of　two-dimensional　materials　and　the　types,　principles　and　manufacturing　methods　of　optical　biosensors　based　on　two-dimensional　materials,　as　well　as　some　achievements　of　these　sensors　in　single-cell,　RNA,　protein　molecule　highly　sensitive　detection　technology,　and　combines　these　results　to　briefly　analyze　some　advantages　of　experimental　schemes　using　two-dimensional　materials　compared　with　traditional　methods.　Finally,　the　development　status　of　two-dimensional　materials　is　briefly　summarized,　and　their　future　development　is　prospected.　©　2023　Universitat　zu　Koln.　All　rights　reserved.